Instead, a new layer (page class/page object) resides between the test code and controls on the web page. Almost all popular test frameworks such as PyTest, PyUnit, TestNG, Cucumber, etc. 7053. Use Multiple attributes" } WebThese days, most of the web apps are using AJAX techniques. 2.IE, terminator , SoapUIgroovyseleniumsetPropertyValueSoapUI, https://blog.csdn.net/wwwqjpcom/article/details/51232302, https://github.com/ANBUZHIDAO/myFirefoxDriver, http://blog.csdn.net/wwwqjpcom/article/details/51174664, https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/downloads, http://download.csdn.net/detail/wwwqjpcom/9500777, iTerm2Linuxmy-terminator, WebtestRecorder---Selenium Webdriver. Cause 2: The referenced element is no longer attached to the DOM; How To Overcome Stale Element Reference Exception in Selenium: Solution 1: Refreshing the web page; Solution 2: Using Try Catch Block The name WebDriver is generic there are versions of WebDriver for all major browsers. Secondly, the testing can be highly unreliable. For more in-depth resources, check out our content hub on Selenium Python Tutorial. If you need a quick recap of Python with Selenium, check out the tutorial that deep dives into the Selenium WebDriver architecture and highlights integral aspects "thumbnailUrl": "https://i.ytimg.com/vi/DK21aHjuUE4/maxresdefault.jpg", ID, Class, and Name are not only the easiest to use but also less brittle than other web locators. What are metaclasses in Python? python selenium ip ip Blocking sleep calls are instrumental in adding the required delay, but the duration of delay depends on numerous factors. Web crawling (or spidering) is performed using a web crawler, which is an automated script for browsing the Internet in a systematic and automated manner. Some of the popular BDD frameworks are Cucumber, Behave, SpecFlow, etc. This will be slower than the native XPath engine. Next, are the default headers used by usual Python scraper library urllib: Accept-Encoding identity User-Agent Python-urllib/3.4. Row validation of excel cells in Java POI, Uploading a picture on Instagram using Selenium, How to modify css by class name in selenium, How to click a button on Facebook using Selenium, finding the tag name which was asked for max number of times in the current year and also print the count, .send_keys in selenium is messing up indentation when using with pyperclip. Multiple option selection is enabled by adding an attribute named multiple to elements. 1 Nathuphoon 2 yr. ago Exactly same issue I'm facing, only sleep is working for me! Explicit Wait in Selenium. Reports also help minimize the time required for the maintenance of test data due to improvement in the readability of the test output. These are the top rated real world Python examples of seleniumwebdriversupportwait.WebDriverWait.send_keys extracted from open source projects. For the above program, here is the dashboards screenshot: When youre interacting with dropdowns, make sure: ElementNotInteractable exception arises when the element is either not accessible (hindered by another element) or inactive. Here, adding a delay (or timeout) before performing any actions on the web element will delay the execution while allowing the particular web element to load. This is where Page Objects, a popular web UI automation pattern, comes handy as it enhances test maintenance and reduces code duplication. b2 = tk.Button(window,text="",command=clearBox) # I am able to navigate through a website, find an element and print it but it is running slow & sometimes fails when the server takes too long to respond because I am using time.sleep(3) throughout my code instead of Explicit Wait. The Explicit Wait in Selenium is used to tell the Web Driver to wait for certain conditions (Expected Conditions) or maximum time exceeded before throwing ElementNotVisibleException exception. By default, Selenium does not open the browser window in the maximized mode. "text": "You need to use the Select class to handle drop-down and multi-select lists using Selenium WebDriver. Since a function is neither a list nor a string, you can't use the format: As far as what needs to be fixed, it depends on what those two functions are supposed to accomplish individually. Instead, the developer can use the third-party APIs provided by the corresponding website as it is more reliable, less subject to change, and more secure to use. : js Python Selenium.WebDriver If a particular test in an extensive test suite fails, it can become challenging to locate the failing test case. "position": 1, KarlGong/easyium-python. This setting gives a native mouse feel and ensures that the native mouse events are set to the correct coordinates. If the condition is true, the if It helps you prove your mettle with advanced, hands-on expertise in Selenium Automation Testing with Python. Ask Question Asked today. What are the Causes of StaleElement Exception. Unable to catch a TimeoutException with Try & WebDriverWait-1. Selenium provides the Select class to implement the HTML Select elements. Element has rendered but it is not in the visible part of the screen: Solution is just to scroll till the element. He currently works as the 'Lead Developer Evangelist' and 'Senior Manager [Technical Content Marketing]' at LambdaTest. Starting your journey with Selenium WebDriver? 4. "@type": "Organization", This practice will be useful in ensuring that the implementation is flexible enough to work with different browser types. What the traceback error is pointing out is the misuse of for statement: for in python 3 is as follows: "Pythons for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence." from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException from selenium.common.exceptions import StaleElementReferenceException from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions my_element_id Ideally, here output should be "PHP, C#", "All selected options using ActionChains : \n", # clearing the php selection we performed in last step, # Again printing the active selections, this time output should be only c#, "Remaining selected options after deselecting PHP : \n", # Using selenium select class method to deselect all options, # Using different select class methods, to select multiple options, # printing active selections - output should include all three php, python, java, "All selected options after selecting using different select class methods : \n", # all four selected options should be output, "Selected option lists after selecting all of them : \n", '//select[@id="lang1"]/following-sibling::div[1]', # try clicking an element with another element overflowing it, '//select[@id="lang"]/option[@value="python"]', # Get the selected value of element under target and element hovering target, Voices of Community: Move Forward with an Effective Test Automation Strategy, Different Types of Dropdowns, an Automation Test Engineer Must Know, How to Handle Dropdowns in Selenium Webdriver, Using LambdaTest to perform an automated Select Deselect test operation in the cloud using Selenium Grid, Common Error While Working with Dropdowns: Handling ElementNotInteractable Exception, Voices of Community: Move Forward with an Effective Test Automation Strategy [Webinar], Agile in Distributed Development [Thought Leadership], How To Automate Toggle Buttons In Selenium Java [Blog]. Prints "Finish update" but you will get another error, TypeError: 'function' object is not iterable. print(WebDriverWait(driver, 20).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input.form-control.OSFillParent[id$='Input_RemainAmtYr1']"))).get_attribute("value")) XPath is more brittle as reordering elements in a page or introducing a new web element can cause the existing implementation with XPath to fail. To fix this, we can either apply explicit wait so that the webdriver waits for the expected condition - invisibilityOfElementLocated of the overlaying webelement. This makes locating elements difficult: if an element is not yet present in the DOM, a locate function will raise an ElementNotVisibleException exception. Watch this video to learn how to upload and download files in Selenium WebDriver using different techniques. This makes it easier to shift from one BDD framework to another as the learning curve is very low. Unselect single option dropdown python webdriver, Selenium WebDriver get Current frame before switch, Perfecto Quantum Starter template - running single feature causes "gherkin.parser.ParseError", Is it possible to capture the text on the recaptcha image and type the same in a text box using selenium rc. More extensive the data set, the better is the test coverage. WebDriverWait wait=new WebDriverWait(driver, 20); element1 = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.className("fa-stack-1x"))); b. Was the ZX Spectrum used for number crunching? Browser Matrix will help cover all the relevant browsers (that matter to your product), thereby reducing the development and testing efforts. In HTML, we encounter four types of dropdown implementations: These are usually encountered in NavBar of a website with dropdown links to other webpages. different scripts using the same web element. This is where automation test reports can play a huge role as it helps in keeping track of the progression of test suites (or test cases) and corresponding test results. The default time_to_wait argument value is set to 0. The name WebDriver is generic there are versions of WebDriver for all major browsers. The Explicit Wait in Selenium is used to tell the Web Driver to wait for certain conditions (Expected Conditions) or maximum time exceeded before throwing ElementNotVisibleException exception. If you encounter this exception, you may want to check the following: Check your selector used in your find_by Element may not yet be on the screen at the time of the find operation, (webpage is still loading) see selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait() for how to write a wait wrapper to wait for an element to appear. Action Chains. @Val: Should be except Exception as e or except Exception, e, depending on Python version. ctrl+shift+esc "@type": "Answer", from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC Share Improve this answer Along with better maintainability, using POM in automation testing with Selenium helps in reducing the code size as page object methods defined in different page classes can be reused across multiple Selenium test automation scripts. If youre new to LambdaTest, it is an affordable, efficient & scalable testing platform, compatible with all major testing frameworks, CI/CD tools, and languages. WebIs there a way how to test if an element is present? Irrespective of the web browser on which automation testing with Selenium is performed, setting the browser zoom level to 100 percent is one of the Selenium best practices that should be followed. We also detailed on checking if multiple selections are allowed, and selecting multiple options if required. The article also shares tac for automation testers to avoid ElementNotInteractable error when automating interactions with dropdown elements. The default time_to_wait argument value is set to 0. Selenium test automation without logging and reporting defeats the sole purpose of using the Selenium framework. when the program connects to my profile, the loop begins: first step : it finds the option button (btnOptions) and clicks on it to pull down the option menu. This can affect the screenshot (or snapshot) of the web page that is typically attached in test reports. Gherkin files created for BDD testing consist of a combination of features, steps, and scenarios, along with relevant Gherkin keywords such as Given, When, Then, etc. I have never been able to get the Explicit Wait to work. Drop them on LambdaTest Community. --user-data-dir The target example will show how to collect the latest Google Maps reviews: we will define a scraper that navigates to a specific point of interest (POI from now on) and retrieves its associated latest reviews.. 1. Link Text is usually preferred if there is a dynamic situation. "acceptedAnswer": { On our demo page, the first Select your lang: section is a form element implemented using select & option with value attribute. Under the hood, the Selenium select class checks if the HTML web element we are using it with is a tag or not. You can also refer to the below video tutorial on how to handle Windows and Frames in selenium. Their meanings are: type: The type of the exception. If you are getting NoSuchElementException as your provided exception, There may be following reasons :-. },{ This question was caused by a typo or a problem that can no longer be reproduced. The ideal web selector order is: id > Name > CSSSelector > XPath. "position": 3, The principles can also be termed Selenium best practices. Harshit works as a product growth specialist at LambdaTest. BDD tests are more usable when compared to TDD tests as changes in business specification or feature specification would involve minimal changes in corresponding BDD features and scenarios. Besides, it also reveals many Select By and Deselect By type methods. Though there are no thumb rules for the design and development of scalable automation tests, there are certain principles that you must follow when writing tests using the Selenium framework. Hence they cannot be executed in parallel as they are largely interconnected. 54. Similarly, there are functions to deselect the selected options too . There are certain ways we can prevent a StaleElementReferenceException as described below . Use the try-except-finally approach in Python. value: The exception instance. Related. "item": "https://www.lambdatest.com" "uploadDate": "2021-10-13", Unlike hard asserts; soft asserts do not throw any exception on the failure of the assert and continue to the next step even after encountering an assert. Teams. Modules needed: Beautiful Soup: The mechanism involved in scraping here is parsing the DOM, i.e. path WebIn Selenium Python binding, you can easily find methods to handle these. Yes, "contentUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK21aHjuUE4", What is the formal difference between "print" and "return"? "embedUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/embed/DK21aHjuUE4" I can't figure out how to handle different errors. debug debug , ''' print () is a function that converts a specified object into text and sends it to the screen or other standard output device. info: [debug] [BOOTSTRAP] [debug] Got command of type ACTIONinfo: [debug] [BOOTSTRAP] [debug] Got command action: setTextinfo: [debug] [BOOTSTRAP] [debug] Using element passed in.info: [debug] [BOOTST def clearBox(): #t "description": "Get Python Certification for FREE with LambdaTests Selenium Python 101 Certification. Using Selenium, it is recommended to enable parallel testing in the implementation as it reduces the test execution time by a significant margin. senliumstart_seeion, :param element: Unable to catch a TimeoutException with Try & WebDriverWait-1. """. Difference between returns and printing in python? 1. This article is a part of our Content Hub. If the function returns an iterable-type, then this can be used. "itemListElement": [{ In Python, how do I determine if an object is iterable? :param browser: This means that along with developers and testers, members with minimal (or no) technical know-how can participate in the development of tests. Well, now we should be all set up to start defining our scraping module! The find-element (singular) form throws an exception when the element is not found. The automation test design solely depends on the goal that you are planning to achieve from the test. OS: Fedora 35 VM. It saves you from writing any user-defined expected condition class or creating a package for the same. Lets take a look at the WebDriverWait class. The code that is frequently used in the implementation should be created as a separate API, so that code duplication is minimal. This formalized list is also called Browser Matrix or Browser Compatibility Matrix. Your traceback and actual code do not match. Bonus Tip Now that we have looked at the top 16 Selenium best practices, it is time, we also deep dive into some of the worst Selenium practices that should be avoided when performing automation testing with Selenium! Python Selenium - How to handle alert that doesn't show up until after WebDriverWait finishes? }, "//select[@multiple]/option[contains(text(), 'C#')]", "//select[@multiple]/option[contains(text(), 'PHP')]", # import the packages we would be using to automate this test, # Username, Access Token and grid URL can be obtained through automation dashboard -, # environment configs, for simplicity we have only two configs. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. are some of the frequently used web locators in Selenium WebDriver. Imagine the amount of delay if the above test snippet has to be executed 5000 times (on different web browsers)! t.pack() ## }, For the successful implementation of browser automation using Selenium, the software WebDriver needs to be set up. Visit now, Migrating Test Automation Suite To Cypress 10, How To Automate Toggle Buttons In Selenium Java, How To Automate Mouse Clicks With Selenium Python, How To Run Cypress Tests In Azure DevOps Pipeline, Fluent Interface Design Pattern in Automation Testing, Cross Browser Testing Cloud Built With For Testers. Why? Using with python selenium WebDriverWait in pysaunter for async pages? These are commonly used to implement search filtering features and customization options like changing the color-template or language of a website. This SELECT class function of Selenium evaluates the index of tags by using get_attribute(index) and returns the matching option. }] Related. "@type": "VideoObject", elements = WebDriverWait(driver, 20).until(EC.visibility_of_all_elements_located((By.XPATH, "//*[@class='content']"))) Note: You have to add the following imports : from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC You can add more to the ignore list by calling ignoring (exceptions to add). What change is required in the source code? WebPython WebDriverWait.send_keys - 30 examples found. for accessing the web elements present on the web page. In Demo for individual select section on our test webpage, we can select C# by passing an index of 3. 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I want the user to be able to only write a number using digits and when they type in a letter or symbol I want the except statement to start. public WebDriverWait ( WebDriver driver, java.time.Duration timeout) Wait will ignore instances of NotFoundException that are encountered (thrown) by default in the 'until' condition, and immediately propagate all others. In general stale refers to something that is not fresh. Is there a way how to test if an element is present? This certification is for professionals looking to develop advanced, hands-on expertise in Selenium automation testing with Python and take their career to the next level. ; Code line 5: In this line, we are initializing FireFox by making an object of it. In which case you need the driver to switch to that tab before looking for the element: *Change the index of window_handles to the tab you want to focus on. He is also an experienced IT professional, who loves to share his thoughts about the latest tech trends as an enthusiast tech blogger. We use cookies to give you the best experience. :param text: WebWebDriverWait. Hard coding of test values in test automation scripts is not a scalable solution as it would lead to unnecessary bloatware and possible repetition of test code. "position": 2, WebThe values are (type, value, traceback), the same as returned by Pythons sys.exc_info(). I am new to Selenium and Python. from, This eases code maintenance as Selenium automation scripts do not directly interact with the pages web elements. Japanese girlfriend visiting me in Canada - questions at border control? The below image shows an example of such an exception. ID, Name, Link text, XPath, CSS Selector, DOM Locator, etc. One of the first actions performed by a tester for Selenium test automation is taking the web pages screenshot. seleniumPythonPython """, """ If a specific webelement is overspread by another webelement we normally get this exception. A primary factor for Seleniums popularity is its support for parallel testing. During the course of my career in automation testing with Selenium, I have come across many folks who have complaints about the stability and reliability of their automation tests. How to emulate HtmlUnit driver as Firefox 9? This certification is ideal for testing professionals who want to acquire advanced, hands-on knowledge in Selenium automation testing. The ActionChains implementation, class selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains (driver, duration=250) . Cross browser testing is a challenging task as you need to prioritize testing on different browser + OS combinations. For our demo test page, we demonstrate both approaches to select multiple options in Selenium Python. Hence, it is recommended to add logs with level error (and/or critical) in scenarios that aid in tracking the cause of failure. Modified today. Along with this setting, Protected Mode Settings (in Internet Explorer) for each zone must be the same else you may end up getting a NoSuchWindowException exception. Are the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average securities? The text between opening and closing tags is visible to the users, but it is the value assigned to the value attribute sent to the server on form submit. driver.navigate ().refresh (); driver.findElement (By.id ("txt")).sendKeys ("Selenium"); We can add a try catch block In Selenium Python binding, you can easily find methods to handle these. In scenarios where you want the test execution to continue even after the failure of a test step, you should make use of Soft Assert in Selenium WebDriver. TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str' when writing to a file in Python 3. import java.net.UR IEdriverhttp://www.cr173.com/soft/195732.html Check out this step-by-step guide to perform Automation testing using Selenium WebDriver. Click see more till the end using selenium python, selenium - webdriver - firefox 64 bit linux, Message: default backend - 404 (selenium - python), Get element by generate in jQuery in Selenium, Identify the xpath to select dropdown in phptravels.net site, RSelenium Throwing Error on initializing : - HTTP 403. These two headers are the only settings that truly matters. import java.net.MalformedURLException; The Select class in Selenium is an ordinary Java class that you can create as a new object using the keyword New and specifying a web elements location. 4. "mainEntity": [{ Designers prefer using aesthetically appealing dropdown menus or boxes. In that case, whenever there is a change in the web element, corresponding changes must be made at multiple places in the test script. This could lead to incorrect testing at times. If you try click operation on them, it results in an error. In short, it is designed to prevent automation. 2. Christmas & New Year Sale: Upto 50% off on LambdaTest Annual plans. Javascript() Javascript 4. These problems can be easily fixed by giving naming test cases in a manner that they are self-explanatory so that neither you nor your teammates spend time unnecessarily scrolling through the implementation. "@type": "Question", This is one of the Selenium best practices that should be followed irrespective of the browser on which Selenium test automation is performed. A better solution is using parameterization for achieving data-driven automation testing with Selenium. Learn more about Teams One of the most common Selenium best practices for Selenium test automation is avoiding unnecessary duplication of code. ", To check if a dropdown allows multiple selection, we can use xpath or get attribute or both. While similar questions may be on-topic here, this one was resolved in a way less likely to help future readers. Having reviewed some of the other posts on this problem I have tried implementing webdriverwait but that keeps breaking something else. It is an intelligent kind of wait, but it can be applied only for specified elements. The development of inter-dependent tests should be completely avoided as it is a bad practice and does not guarantee reliability. So an element once represented with id as u_0_b in your system may not be represented by the same id as u_0_b in the next run on your system. Does Browser Testing On Internet Explorer Still Make Sense? When working on tests that use the Selenium framework, it is essential to focus on the test codes maintainability. Maximize the Browser Window. That is why logging and reporting are considered one of the best Selenium test practices in automation. I've found this post: Selenium C# WebDriver: Wait until element is present. The Src folder can contain sub-directories that contain Page Objects, Helper functions, and file(s) that contain web locator information used in test scenarios. Example Google Docs Menu Bar. Learn more about Teams Output on execute this in the command line using: In the above code, we try interacting with an invisible element and it throws JS error: Next we try selecting an element in tag with tag expanded and hovering over . In the code snippet shown below, we wait for the web element (with linktext as SITEMAP) to appear on the page. Viewed 6 times 0 I'm new to programming and am struggling to get my Try-except function to work. His issue is that in his actual code (based on the error), he never calls the function, but attempts to iterative over a reference of the function itself. "acceptedAnswer": { Selenium Python provides two types of waits - implicit & explicit. Formalizing a list of (browser + OS + device) combinations is of prime importance as it would help in prioritizing the combinations that have to be taken up for cross browser testing. ", Intermittent Stale Element Reference Exception. :param element: "name": "Blog", ; except: except is a Python keyword that is used to handle exceptions arising in the previous try clause. Browser Matrix is vital information drawn from product analytics, geolocation, and other detailed insights about audience usage patterns, stats counter, and competitor analysis. The selenium SELECT class comprises of following sub-functions: This function finds all tags within the target tag. What are the Causes of StaleElement Exception. There are numerous cases in automation testing with Selenium, where you would want to halt the test execution on encountering a hard error. Leveraging Page Object Model is one of the Selenium best practices that can aid in: Shown below is a sample directory structure for using Page Objects in a Selenium test automation project. Tried many explicit waits but it doesn't seem to work! There is no guarantee that the delay being added will work all the time. It signals the presence of special circumstances such as exceptions or errors. Absolute Path method. For the Selenium SELECT class demo, we first find the element with id lang2 having a multiple attribute. Understand the importance of having an automation strategy, create a test automation strategy, and more. Object OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI. All rights reserved. The format of feature files and keywords being used is uniform irrespective of the BDD framework being used. As said before, Selenium WebDriver provides an API for automation test engineers to select options based on option values too, i.e., select_by_value(self, value). [i+1 for i in a], : I forgot to put the () on the end of my function call, so Python threw the same error. . Shown below is a sample feature file that searches for LambdaTest on DuckDuckGo: We have covered Business-Driven Development with Gherkin and Behave BDD framework earlier, if youd like to explore this section more. terminator , wwwqjpcom: Yes, it can help out with your brittle scripts by waiting awhile before blowing up, but to me, thats just sloppy automation. Proper way to limit wait time on selenium element search, selenium grid parallel execution on the same browser, Selenium search bar is not showing any suggestions, Python Scrapy crawling takes too much time using xpath element selection with selenium in chrome, How can i use selenium python to get a user's following on Ibstagram, counting number of instances of certain class and acquiring values via Selenium, Yii Framework testing with PHPUnit and Selenium error/warning. What are Adding unnecessary logs in the test implementation can cause delays in the test execution. Set a default parameter value for a JavaScript function, "Least Astonishment" and the Mutable Default Argument. We explored ways to select/deselect an option from a dropdown. Code line 1: From selenium module import webdriver; Code line 2: From selenium module import Keys; Code line 3: User is a variable which will be we used to store values of username. This function is implemented using XPATH and multiple if-else. As apparent from the output, we instead end up selecting Java, an element from . "@type": "ListItem", Since a function is neither a list nor a string, you can't use the format: for [variable] in [function](): .. focusblur, clear() Python tries to loop through an object of type NoneType which is not allowed. Along with this setting, Protected Mode Settings (in Internet Explorer) for each zone must be the same else you may end up getting a NoSuchWindowException exception. He currently works as the Lead Developer Evangelist and Senior Manager [Technical Content Marketing] at LambdaTest. Hence, JavaScript XPath Query Engine usually is used for finding elements by XPath in IE. . Suppose the scripts are not appropriately maintained, i.e. Visit now, Migrating Test Automation Suite To Cypress 10, How To Automate Toggle Buttons In Selenium Java, How To Automate Mouse Clicks With Selenium Python, How To Run Cypress Tests In Azure DevOps Pipeline, Fluent Interface Design Pattern in Automation Testing, Cross Browser Testing Cloud Built With For Testers. As first step, we need to initialize our webdriver. Because you don't actually return anything in your Update() function. As the time taken is variable, Selenium should never be used for spidering. WebDriverWait (self.selenium, 10).until (lambda s: s.find_element (By.ID, loginbox).is_displayed ()) Waiting for elements to be deleted When dealing with elements being deleted from the page we check that there are 0 on the page (WebDriverWait will suppress the ElementNotFoundException). Therefore, it becomes important to know how to handle dropdowns in Selenium WebDriver when you are handling access forms or testing websites. Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a security mechanism where an OTP (One-Time Password) is generated using Authenticator mobile apps. 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