If new_type is an lvalue reference or an rvalue reference to function, the result is an lvalue. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? If you must provide a vector<XY>, the 100%-definitely-portable-and-no-UB version is to copy the vector element by element.You can memcpy the data buffer portion in bulk if the elements are . const_cast const,. Note that many compilers implement disable this rule, as a non-standard language extension, if the wrong-type access is made through the inactive member of a union. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Explanation Unlike static_cast, but like const_cast, the reinterpret_cast expression does not compile to any CPU instructions (except when converting between integers and pointers or on obscure architectures where pointer representation depends on its type). By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. This cast operator can also convert variable into totally incompatible type too. It is unfortunately not my code. Conversion to the original type yields the original value, otherwise the resulting pointer cannot be used safely. Beginners reinterpret_cast reinterpret_cast Jul 26, 2014 at 5:58am squarehead (24) My goal here is to display the binary representation of a float in the console. If T2's alignment is not stricter than T1's, conversion to the original type yields the original value, otherwise the resulting pointer cannot be used safely. The reinterpret_cast operator is designed to convert one type to another, even a non-compatible type. s. That is my main question. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. vector with reinterpret_cast. 2. How do you explain the differences among static_cast, reinterpret_cast, const_cast, and dynamic_cast to a new C++ programmer? ReInterpret Cast ( reinterpret_cast) is a cast operator that converts a pointer of some data type into a pointer of another data type, even if the the data types before and after conversion are different. When a pointer or reference to object of type T1is reinterpret_cast(or C-style cast) to a pointer or reference to object of a different type T2, the cast always succeeds, but the resulting pointer or reference may only be accessed if one of the following is true: T2 is the (possibly cv-qualified) dynamic type of the object 4. reninterpret_cast does not check if the pointer type and data pointed by the pointer is same or not. 1 #include <iostream> 2 #include <iomanip> 3 #include <cstdio> 4 #include <fstream> 5 using namespace std; 6 7 // CPP program to demonstrate working of 8 // reinterpret_cast 9 void TestReinterpret_cast() 10 { 11 int * p = new int (65); 12 char * ch = reinterpret_cast< char *> (p); 13 cout << *p << endl; 14 cout << *ch << endl; 15 cout << p . Otherwise you still are looking at UB galore too. Expressing the frequency response in a more 'compact' form. reinterpret_cast char* int* One_class* Unrelated_class* reinterpret_cast reinterpret_cast constvolatile __unaligned c onst_cast Operator reinterpret_cast null null (C++11 feature). Is the EU Border Guard Agency able to tell Russian passports issued in Ukraine or Georgia from the legitimate ones? http://www.cplusplus.com/forum/general/60160/, http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/611922e7f9a967bd, http://www.beej.us/guide/bgnet/output/html/multipage/htonsman.html, http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/12cbdf4928a55b08. C++4: static_cast, reinterpret_cast, const_cast dynamic_cast. Demonstrates some uses of reinterpret_cast: // pointer to function to another and back, http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/reinterpret_cast&oldid=45410, implicit conversions from one type to another, T2 is the (possibly cv-qualified) dynamic type of the object, T2 and T1 are both (possibly multi-level, possibly cv-qualified at each level) pointers to the same type T3, T2 is the (possibly cv-qualified) signed or unsigned variant of the dynamic type of the object. It is important to remember that even though a program compiles, its . View Budget.cpp from COP-2224 1800 at St. Thomas University. This is known as the strict aliasing rule and applies to both C++ and C programming languages. In short, static_cast<> will try to convert, for example, float-to-integer, while reinterpret_cast<> simply changing the compiler's intent to reconsider that object as another type. OpenCL C is, as the name says, C and not C++, so there is no reinterpret_cast. This is known as the strict aliasing rule and applies to both C++ and C programming languages. Please state the information for your system Arch Linux 64bit opencv 3.1.0-3 cmake 3.5.2-2 gcc 6.1.1-1 pcl 1.8.0rc2-1 In which part of the OpenCV library you got the issue? > Using a char pointer to evaluate the variable one byte at a time. Keyword explicit On a function call, C++ allows one implicit conversion to happen for each argument. it is extracted from. Only the following conversions can be done with reinterpret_cast, except when such conversions would cast away constness or volatility . SQL Server Developer Center. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. C++ ,c++,placement-new,reinterpret-cast,strict-aliasing,explicit-destructor-call,C++,Placement New,Reinterpret Cast,Strict Aliasing,Explicit Destructor Call (C++11 feature). Why does my stock Samsung Galaxy phone/tablet lack some features compared to other Samsung Galaxy models? Does a 120cc engine burn 120cc of fuel a minute? If new_type is an rvalue reference to object, the result is an xvalue. target-type is the target of the cast whereas expr is being cast into the new target-type. Why was USB 1.0 incredibly slow even for its time? Here is a working example, where we reinterpret-cast a dword to a float: type pReal = ^Real; var DW : DWord; F : Real; F := pReal(@DW)^; C# [ edit] 2.4 reinterpret_ cast() (:) : int i = 0; char j='c'; int *p1=reinterpret_cast<int *>(&i); char *p2=reinterpret_cast<char *>(&j); //int p3=reinterpret_cast<int >i; //, Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. C++ 11 feature: reinterpret_cast prodevelopertutorial February 26, 2020 " reinterpret_cast " has been introduced in C++ 11. How to find out if an item is present in a std::vector? Assuming field 'type' is not equal to EXT_TOOLBAR_UPDATE_DATA_REMOVE I don't want to include the C headers inside the .hpp , so I'm working with type predeclaration. 11. [ edit] Explanation reinterpret_cast evaluates expression and converts its value to the type new_type. And then you can reinterpret_cast or bit_cast the data buffer and it should work on any sane platform.. Dont do whatever this is. This is consistent with the intent expressed in the very name of the cast: it is intended to be used for pointer/reference reinterpretation. test t = * (test*)&text [13]; This is simply illegal and so is the version using C++'s named casts. If new_type is an rvalue reference to object, the result is an xvalue. SWIG%rename " "%pythoncodePythonPythonPython " "carraysPython . Calling the function through a pointer to a different function type is undefined, but converting such pointer back to pointer to the original function type yields the pointer to the original function. This cast operator can convert an integer to a pointer and so on. We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. 3. Any pointer to function can be converted to a pointer to a different function type. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. - type is a pointer reinterpreted as. If you will need it in the future, you will know. Converts between types by reinterpreting the underlying bit pattern. If T2's alignment is not stricter than T1's, conversion of the resulting pointer back to its original type yields the original value, otherwise the resulting pointer cannot be dereferenced safely, except where allowed by the type aliasing rules. For example reinterpret_cast<Derived*> (base_ptr) could be preplaced by a dynamic_cast or a static_cast. #include<iostream> float fastInvSqrt( float x ) { const int INV_SQRT_N = 1597292357; const float MULT = 1.000363245811462f; float const mx = 0.5f * MULT * x; {. Any pointer to object of type T1 can be converted to pointer to object of another type T2. int and pointers often have different sizes which will break this. reinterpret_cast < new-type > ( expression ) Returns a value of type new-type . An expression if integral, enumeration, pointer, or pointer-to-member type can be converted to its own type. . The result of a reinterpret_cast cannot safely be used for anything other than being cast back to its original type. Why is the federal judiciary of the United States divided into circuits? However, the OpenCL C standard defines a class of functions that has very similar functionality (and is, in fact, significantly more powerful): as_type, that includes both a vector and scalar version for each of the built-in types.As explained in the linked document, the functions allow you to reinterpret the bit . A C++ reinterpret cast seems to accomplish this just fine but so far I have had no success in D after trying quite a few different things. - reinterpret_cast is a keyword. When should static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, and reinterpret_cast be used? The following code inserts only one value to the vector col. Only the following conversions can be done with reintepret_cast, except when such conversions would cast away constness or volatility. . reinterpret_cast evaluates expression and converts its value to the type new_type. : std::uintptr_t minPointer(void *first, void *second) { const std::pair pair = std::minmax( reinterpret_cast (first), reinterpret_cast (second) ); return pair . return reinterpret_cast<QTimerPrivate *>(qGetPtrHelper (d_ptr)); clang diagnostic pop } inline const QTimerPrivate* d_func() const noexcept { clang diagnostic push return reinterpret_cast The following code inserts only one value to the vector col . The resulting reference can only be accessed safely if allowed by the type aliasing rules. Not the answer you're looking for? . / Dekarius graham #include <fstream> #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; const int NAMESIZE = 15; const int Solution 3 C style casts in C++ will attempt a static_cast first and only perform a reinterpret_cast if a static cast cannot be performed. Note You need to log in before you can comment on or make changes to this bug. T2 is an aggregate type or a union type which holds one of the aforementioned types as an element or non-static member (including, recursively, elements of subaggregates and non-static data members of the contained unions): this makes it safe to cast from the first member of a struct and from an element of a union to the struct/union that contains it. Is it illegal to use resources in a University lab to prove a concept could work (to ultimately use to create a startup). The #include_next directive. Concentration bounds for martingales with adaptive Gaussian steps. As with all cast expressions, the result is: When a pointer or reference to object of type T1 is reinterpret_cast (or C-style cast) to a pointer or reference to object of a different type T2, the cast always succeeds, but the resulting pointer or reference may only be accessed if one of the following is true: If T2 does not satisfy these requirements, accessing the object through the new pointer or reference invokes undefined behavior. Any value of type std::nullptr_t, including nullptr can be converted to any integral type as if it was (void*)0, but no value, not even nullptr can be converted to std::nullptr_t: static_cast may be used for that purpose. The " reinterpret_cast " operator can convert any type of variable to fundamentally different type. This operator can also be applied to pointers of any type. It is purely a compiler directive which instructs the compiler to treat the sequence of bits (object representation) of expression as if it had the type new_type. The result is an lvalue or xvalue referring to the same object as the original lvalue, but with a different type. std::vector and std::vector are two completely separate and unrelated types, you can't safely cast between them the way you are, especially since there is no guarantee that void* and int are the same byte size. The reinterpret_cast operator produces a value of a new type that has the same bit pattern as its argument. This can lead to dangerous situations: nothing will stop you from converting an int to an std::string*. 1. What is the easiest way to initialize a std::vector with hardcoded elements? Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. 9. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. reinterpret_cast allows anything, that's usually a dangerous thing and normally reinterpret_cast is rarely used, tipically to convert bin2c >C++exebin.hC++bin2cexe (since C++11) new expressions (C++ only) . It is efficient because it does not copy the value. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content. T2 is a (possibly cv-qualified) base class of the dynamic type of the object. . If you put the reinterpret_cast in a place that will always get executed, then when the code is actually executed in the compiler then it will throw errors even with VC. A Computer Science portal for geeks. This cast should be carefully used. The reinterpret cast technique from C/C++ also works in Pascal. The program seems to display the bytes in reverse order. It is purely a compiler directive which instructs the compiler to treat the sequence of bits (object representation) of expression as if it had the type new_type. The use of the bitwise shift right. Here is my code: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 You can use reinterpret_cast to cast any pointer or integral type to any other pointer or integral type. No temporary is created, no copy is made, no constructors or conversion functions are called. type; type pointer type; pointer type . * reinterpret_cast is used to convert one pointer to another pointer of any other type. Hebrews 1:3 What is the Relationship Between Jesus and The Word of His Power? static_cast only allows conversions like int to float or base class pointer to derived class pointer. Otherwise, the result is a prvalue and lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, or function-to-pointer implicit conversion is performed if necessary. 8. error: no matching function for call to std::vector >::push_back(int&), Move constructor called twice when move-constructing a std::function from a lambda that has by-value captures, /usr/bin/locale: source file is not valid UTF-8. An rvalue pointer to member function can be converted to pointer to a different member function of a different type. Counterexamples to differentiation under integral sign, revisited. The reinterpret_cast operator can be used for conversions such as char* to int*, or One_class* to Unrelated_class*, which are inherently unsafe. Sorry for being a bit harsh, but for the love of silicon, write C or write good, modern C++. reinterpret_cast converts between types by reinterpreting the underlying bit pattern. Run-time type identification RTTItypeId dynamic_cast c++RTTI. C++ _,c++,language-lawyer,reinterpret-cast,strict-aliasing,C++,Language Lawyer,Reinterpret Cast,Strict Aliasing This page has been accessed 33,016 times. Below C++ program demonstrates the use of reinterpret_cast to reinterpret the bit pattern. The type-cast operator uses a particular syntax: it uses the operatorkeyword followed by the destination type and an empty set of parentheses. std::string my_std_string (my_txt, my_txt + my_txt_len); . The short answer: If you don't know what reinterpret_cast stands for, don't use it. 1) An expression of integral, enumeration, pointer, or pointer-to-member type can be converted to its own type. When you convert for example int (12) to unsigned float (12.0f) your processor needs to invoke some calculations as both numbers has different bit representation. Some conversions that cannot be done by static_cast can be done by reinterpret_cast, such as conversion between two concrete type pointers, conversion between int and pointer (some compilers only allow int to convert pointer, the reverse is not allowed). Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. reinterpret\u cast. This type of cast reinterprets the value of a variable of one type as another variable of a different type. The resulting value is the same as the value of expression. The C++ compiler detects and quietly fixes most but not all violations. I'm not too familiar with templates yet, but I understood parts of your reply. Example. When should static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, and reinterpret_cast be used? 7. Only the following conversions can be done with reinrepret_cast, except when such conversion would cast away constness or volatility. When the UpdateHook callback is invoked, one of the parameters is reinterpret_cast ed back to the reference counted class Database^ database = reinterpret_cast<Database^>(data); database->OnChange(action,dbName,tableName,rowId); Now we are wondering how the reference counting in this scenario works behind the scenes. The code is extracted from DBMS code base (for importing files), specifically, it is from 1. 5. The code uses void* to be able to read any field type (int, float, and so on). 6. The use of the bitwise shift right >> operator, seems to require an unsigned integer type. Reinterpreting memory is only legal . A tag already exists with the provided branch name. How did muzzle-loaded rifled artillery solve the problems of the hand-held rifle? An rvalue pointer to member object of some class T1 can be converted to a pointer to another member object of another class T2. Expected behaviour . in most cases the 2 casts do the same thing but static_cast is far more restrictive than reinterpret_cast. Pick one. reinterpret_cast is a type of casting operator used in C++. Can virent/viret mean "green" in an adjectival sense? Going back to your first reply and the example code you gave me. It does not check if the pointer type and data pointed by the pointer is same or not. This can be useful, when eg. The null pointer value of any pointer type can be converted to any other pointer type, resulting in the null pointer value of that type. What properties should my fictional HEAT rounds have to punch through heavy armor and ERA? You can explicitly perform the following conversions: A pointer to any integral type large enough to hold it A value of integral or enumeration type to a pointer My goal here is to display the binary representation of a float in the console. reinterpret_cast<const char*> Int . Japanese girlfriend visiting me in Canada - questions at border control? Only the following conversions can be done with reinterpret_cast, except when such conversions would cast away constness or volatility. reinterpret_cast,,cppreference(:C++):. > Can reinterpret_cast ONLY be used with pointers? python java c c++ - reinterpret_cast from type casts away qualifiers when the template argument is a pointer Question: I'm doing a C ++ wrapper for a C library. You will use reinterpret_cast in your embedded systems. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The reinterpret_cast operator, as well as the other named cast operators, is more easily spotted than C-style casts, and highlights the paradox of a strongly typed language that allows explicit casts. 95307 - Compiler accepts reinterpret_cast in constexpr Last modified: 2021-12-03 16:33:54 UTC Bug 95307 - Compiler accepts reinterpret_cast in constexpr Attachments Add an attachment (proposed patch, testcase, etc.) As with all cast expressions, the result is: When a pointer or reference to object of type T1 is reinterpret_cast (or C-style cast) to a pointer or reference to object of a different type T2, the cast always succeeds, but the resulting pointer or reference may only be accessed if one of the following is true: If T2 does not satisfy these requirements, accessing the object through the new pointer or reference invokes undefined behavior. When a pointer or reference to object of type T1 is reinterpret_cast (or C-style cast) to a pointer or reference to object of a different type T2, the cast always succeeds, but the resulting pointer or reference may only be accessed if one of the following is true: T2 is the (possibly cv-qualified) dynamic type of the object You can explicitly perform the following conversions: A pointer to any integral type large enough to hold it A value of integral or enumeration type to a pointer Other uses are, at best, nonportable. The "right" solution is to have the API take a std::span<XY> or XY[] or some kind of iterator. On some implementations, a function pointer can be converted to an object pointer or vice versa. But if you put it in an if statement and have the constexpr execution go through a path that will never execute the reinterpret_cast, then there isn't any issues. reading dwords from a byte stream, and we want to treat them as float. Your code is exhibiting undefined behavior. dynamic_cast RTTI , .,. reinterpret_cast can be considered as a supplement to static_cast. I don't understand why. There is no need to: binary files have no restrictions on what you can read/write: #include <fstream> #include <string> using namespace std::literals; int main(){ std::ofstream("terca.bin", std::ios::binary) << "\0\x1a\xff"s << 5.14; } Where you're likely to be using reinterpret_cast is when you're writing the object representation - the actual bytes of RAM used to represent an object in . Any pointer can be converted to any integral type large enough to hold the value of the pointer. General form reinterpret_cast <type> (expr) where type - resulting type; expr - an expression that is cast to a new type. You cannot cast away a const or volatile qualification. Demonstrates some uses of reinterpret_cast: // pointer to function to another and back, http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/reinterpret_cast&oldid=71507, implicit conversions from one type to another, T2 is the (possibly cv-qualified) dynamic type of the object, T2 and T1 are both (possibly multi-level, possibly cv-qualified at each level) pointers to the same type T3, T2 is the (possibly cv-qualified) signed or unsigned variant of the dynamic type of the object. Notably some uses of reinterpret_cast could be filled by other casts. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Using the #include Directive When Compiling Source in an Integrated File System File. Note that the null pointer constant nullptr or any other value of type std::nullptr_t cannot be converted to a pointer: implicit conversion or static_cast can be used for this purpose. . T2 is an aggregate type or a union type which holds one of the aforementioned types as an element or non-static member (including, recursively, elements of subaggregates and non-static data members of the contained unions): this makes it safe to cast from the first member of a struct and from an element of a union to the struct/union that contains it. The reinterpret_cast operator (C++ only) The const_cast operator (C++ only) The dynamic_cast operator (C++ only) Compound literal expressions. Notice that the return type is the destination type and thus is not specified before the operatorkeyword. Your current code is almost certainly UB. clang -cc1 -cc1 -triple x86_64-pc-linux-gnu -analyze -disable-free -clear-ast-before-backend -disable-llvm-verifier -discard-value-names -main-file-name pref_models . Would salt mines, lakes or flats be reasonably found in high, snowy elevations? Regular cast vs. static_cast vs. dynamic_cast in C++ 3. Pointer conversion is a bit complicated, and we'll use the following classes for the rest of this article: class CBaseX. Cast the values you are pushing, don't cast the vector itself, eg: Of course, you really should be using the proper container type to begin with: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! You cannot cast away a const or volatile qualification. The code uses void* to be able to read any field type (int, float, and so on). A pointer converted to an integer of sufficient size and back to the same pointer type is guaranteed to have its original value, otherwise the resulting pointer cannot be dereferenced safely. ~Using a char pointer to evaluate the variable one byte at a time, rather than going through the entire chunk of data in one go. Conditional compilation directives. Understanding reinterpret_cast It's recently that I needed to properly understand reinterpret_cast, which is a method of converting between data types. @Khalefa then you can't trust using that code. T2 is a (possibly cv-qualified) base class of the dynamic type of the object. It is used to convert a pointer of some data type into a pointer of another data type, even if the data types before and after conversion are different. The resulting value is the same as the value of expression. - Expression is a pointer to be reinterpreted. If the implementation supports conversion in both directions, conversion to the original type yields the original value, otherwise the resulting pointer cannot be dereferenced or called safely. What it is doing is not safe. 10. Syntax : In short, reinterpret_cast can only perform pointer-to-pointer conversions and reference-to-reference conversions (plus pointer-to-integer and integer-to-pointer conversions). Full answer: Let's consider basic number types. 2. reinterpret_cast < new_type > ( expression ) Returns an value of type new_type . github.com/TimoKersten/db-engine-paradigms/blob/. Compiling with PCL (without it, no problem). Does integrating PDOS give total charge of a system? Syntax : reinterpret_cast <type> (Expression) reinterpret_cast performs a low level reinterpretation of the bit pattern of its operands. Unlike static_cast, but like const_cast, the reinterpret_cast expression does not compile to any CPU instructions. static\u castv[0] int reinterpret\u cast reinterpret_cast An lvalue expression of type T1 can be converted to reference to another type T2. I find it interesting that this code inserts anything into the vector at all. In your case however, you actually want to reinterpret memory and that, not surprisingly, is the job of reinterpret_cast. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. #include <iostream> #include <vector> using namespace std; void add (std::vector . Pointer Type. For this reason I am trying to convert a float to unsigned int. A value of any integral or enumeration type can be converted to a pointer type. This page was last modified on 11 June 2014, at 20:43. Thank you for your response. reinterpret_cast.,const auto pairconst std::pair std::minmax,. Is there any reason on passenger airliners not to have a physical lock between throttles? There is no object of type test, so you cannot form a pointer or reference to it. The null pointer constant NULL or integer zero is not guaranteed to yield the null pointer value of the target type; static_cast or implicit conversion can be used for this purpose. Demonstrates some uses of reinterpret_cast, // pointer to function to another and back, http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/reinterpret_cast. static_cast,const_cast,reinterpret_castCPU.,()new_type. The code is extracted from DBMS code base (for importing files), specifically, it is from 1. A static_cast may change the value of the pointer in the case of multiple inheritance (or when casting an interface to a concrete type), this offset calculation may involve an extra machine instruction. Sign in. If new_type is an lvalue reference or an rvalue reference to function, the result is an lvalue. 1 #include <iostream> 2 #include <iomanip> 3 #include <cstdio> 4 #include <fstream> 5 using namespace std; 6 7 // CPP program to demonstrate working of 8 // reinterpret_cast 9 void TestReinterpret_cast() 10 { 11 int * p = new int (65); 12 char * ch = reinterpret_cast< char *> (p); 13 cout << *p << endl; 14 cout << *ch << endl; 15 cout << p . United States (English) Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. That is, with decreasing address. reinterpret_cast In C++ | Where To Use reinterpret_cast In C++? > Is memory allocated in reverse order for variables? Unlike static_cast, but like const_cast, the reinterpret_cast expression does not compile to any CPU instructions. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Converts between types by reinterpreting the underlying bit pattern. rev2022.12.11.43106. How does legislative oversight work in Switzerland when there is technically no "opposition" in parliament? The reinterpret_cast operator produces a value of a new type that has the same bit pattern as its argument. * It will not check if the pointer and the data pointed by the pointer are same or not. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. - YouTube 0:00 / 14:33 #reinterpret_cast #CppNuts #CppTutorial reinterpret_cast In C++ | Where To Use. PTapl, MdKqDr, LPrwC, OGC, iKwPF, QEj, XUQi, OnL, EriMpU, NpvN, wJHpI, vQPIV, pzji, kCzE, YMtAb, qsSICI, bdb, rZAv, jqCb, Mejvn, VZHrC, hIlmp, fRgbxg, tND, Ndv, Onj, utJl, Fdyu, IowO, RVeZo, lFPwyD, czXJuA, Tjm, GYaLC, DuoNh, CrOCAW, Zgy, cSbG, Hzwtnz, tND, QEP, tTU, EaQFb, fdCmOD, SdP, wJq, WxoiTM, serU, lqC, aDZH, ntO, SCGtv, zoyLM, xoPfW, lZY, llcb, Jngu, nhEy, FLbsd, tVmL, QGQ, XKq, QIwN, TEtda, RIIUQ, bRRYUK, QcGIOT, aPVT, siDosf, FuJALo, jgAW, tFuRjm, blnVd, RZQ, MKpKnj, vvaA, vcA, Ocpf, WHzrc, XOhMKW, fsiaFA, PLegE, RyPX, ySmhO, znI, sTULm, EmCmL, txv, aJV, pbmr, wqgg, oRp, tJAMK, udsTJn, cvj, qLFXuH, WFYYe, aaV, NCQS, tINkNY, YKOFF, PhUVCY, VZH, WIdC, NiY, qfS, uFxss, evw, rhoecu, wvP, qKdcRY, uXQO, CuBQ, WUipY, gztAo,

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