", "Inventor of cell phone: We knew someday everybody would have one", "Human Factors Challenges In Creating a Principal Support Office System The Speech Filing System Approach", "Fascinating facts about the invention of Post-it Notes by Arthur Fry and Spencer Silver in 1974", "Acoustic microscopy: resolution of subcellular detail", "June 26, 1974: By Gum! "The Department of Homeland Security: Background and Challenges". [306] Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied, and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on 11 and 14 August. Using a tooth that is curled over the top of the chain, there are alternate teeth which point left and right. However, what specifically differentiated and made the GM-NAA I/O as the first of its kind was that instead of having a human operator manually load each program as what previous systems were only capable of doing, computerized software as used on GM-NAA I/O, thereafter handled the scheduling, management, and multi-tasking of all computer applications. We are open to applications from individuals interested in teaching for the full year, or just one or two of Carleton's three 10-week terms (fall, winter, spring). A cool box, cooler, portable ice chest, chilly bin, or esky most commonly is an insulated box used to keep perishable food or beverages cool. [57], On September 5, 2007, the Associated Press reported that the DHS had scrapped an anti-terrorism data mining tool called ADVISE (Analysis, Dissemination, Visualization, Insight and Semantic Enhancement) after the agency's internal inspector general found that pilot testing of the system had been performed using data on real people without required privacy safeguards in place. [244], One source of skilled personnel was the Army itself, particularly the Army Specialized Training Program. The cooler was invented in 1951 by Richard C. Laramy of Joliet, Illinois. With pro bono creative support from the Martin Agency of Richmond, Virginia, the campaign website "Ready.gov" and materials were conceived in March 2002 and launched in February 2003, just before the launch of the Iraq War. It was believed that the Japanese nuclear weapons program was not far advanced because Japan had little access to uranium ore, but it was initially feared that Germany was very close to developing its own weapons. [49][50] Alderson's early dummies and those of his competitors were fairly primitive, with no pelvic structure and little spinal articulation. Karts vary widely in speed and some can reach speeds exceeding 160mph, while go-karts intended for the general public in amusement parks may be limited to speeds of no more than 15mph. Please, RESEARCH & RESIDENCY POSITION IN THERAPEUTIC MEDICAL PHYSICS, RESEARCH & RESIDENCY POSITION IN MEDICAL IMAGING PHYSICS, Laboratory Manager (Teaching Labs, Demonstrations, Outreach), Associate Research Physicist - Wendelstein 7-X, Postdoctoral Associate - Asian Americans and STEM, Asst. This time, Ashworth served as weaponeer and Kokura was the primary target. In 1971 while working at IBM, David L. Noble invented the 8-inch floppy disk. They are used in industry for cutting and drilling, and in military as directed-energy weapons. A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment was formed to handle the project's security issues. [288] Commander Frederick L. Ashworth from Alberta met with Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz on Guam in February 1945 to inform him of the project. The successful candidate will likely have (a) a recent (4-years) PhD degree in Asian-American Studies, American Studies, History of Science and Technology Studies, or any STEM field; (b) a track record of research productivity, as evidenced by first authored original publications in high quality peer-reviewed journals; (c) independence to lead a A diaper or nappy is an absorbent garment for incontinent people. [286] Arnold promised that no effort would be spared to modify B-29s to do the job, and designated Major General Oliver P. Echols as the USAAF liaison to the Manhattan Project. For other uses, see, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, General, administrative, and diplomatic histories, The University of California was founded on 23 March 1868, and operated in. [241], Wingtip devices or winglets are usually intended to improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft. [16] Available in many colors, the plastic containers with "burp seal" did not become a commercial success until Brownie Wise, a Florida housewife, began throwing Tupperware parties in 1951 in order to demonstrate the product and explain the features. Once logged in, a user can perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users, either through electronic mail or in public message boards. Instead, it uses a fine powder of magnetically susceptible material (typically stainless steel) to mechanically link an otherwise free wheeling disc attached to one shaft, to a rotor attached to the other shaft. WebThere are a few requirements to get on the road with Uber in NYC. The sensor worked by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed by the enzyme. On July 3, 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek suffering from shortness of breath made medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan. COIL is the main weapon laser for the military airborne laser and advanced tactical laser programs. 3 and 4, 2002", "Josephine Herrick's Photo Legacy Comes Into View", "50th Anniversary Article: Oppenheimer's Better Idea: Ranch School Becomes Arsenal of Democracy", "Secretary of Agriculture granting use of land for Demolition Range", "Site A/Plot M, Illinois, Decommissioned Reactor Site Fact Sheet", "FRONTIERS Research Highlights 19461996", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, "ZEEP Canada's First Nuclear Reactor", Hanford Cultural and Historic Resources Program 2002, "Bhagavad Gita As It Is, 11: The Universal Form, Text 12", "J. Robert Oppenheimer on the Trinity test (1965)", "Chapter 11. We offer 24 hour a day service to NYC, Brooklyn, Staten Island, Bronx, Queens, Long Trafiguras shareholders and top traders to split $1.7bn in payouts ; Council reviewed 202mn loan to THG but lent to ecommerce groups founder instead Since January 2003, it has been administered in coordination with DHS; it has also been the target of frequent jokes and ridicule on the part of the administration's detractors about its ineffectiveness. [115], An integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Often the device is integrated with an image sensor, such as a photoelectric device to produce the charge that is being read, thus making the CCD a major technology for digital imaging. You see, no one knew what was being made in Oak Ridge, not even me, and a lot of the people thought they were wasting their time here. The Interactive Channel launched its first trial in 1996 with Century Cable in Colorado Springs, using CableShare's VirtualModem software. You may also contact Pam Carmen at (410) 516-7346 orpcarmen1@jhu.edu. Fused deposition modeling, which is often referred to by its initials FDM, is a type of additive fabrication or technology commonly used within engineering design. Here's what you will need to hit the road: - A valid US driver's license - A valid TLC driver's license - A valid TLC-licensed vehicle - A passed Uber Safety Screening. [109] In addition, Charles H. Townes and Arthur L. Schawlow, scientists at Bell Laboratories, wrote a paper, Infrared and Optical Masers in 1958 that was enormously influential on the theory of lasers. It was designed by and named after Hugh Halligan, a First Deputy Fire Chief in the. "Shutdowns are disruptive", Duke said. [13] In fiscal year 2018, DHS was allocated a net discretionary budget of $47.716 billion. The secretary will then authorize FEMA to task and deploy designated personnel from DHS components and other Federal Executive Agencies to respond to extraordinary disasters. We are open to applications from those who may not have taken a traditional path through physics programs. Alerts have two levels: elevated and imminent. [32], Windsurfing, or sailboarding, is a surface water sport using a windsurf board, also commonly called a sailboard, usually two to five meters long and powered by wind pushing a sail. The cable tie, originally known as the Ty-Rap, was invented in 1958 by Maurus C. Logan, who worked for many years at, Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized syntax. Rebranded Universal HD in 2004, then relaunched as. In the summer of 1956, hot rod veteran Art Ingels built the first go-kart out of old car frame tubing, welding beads, and a lawnmower motor, not realizing that he had invented a new sport and form of auto racing. Selective laser sintering is an additive rapid manufacturing technique that uses a high power laser to fuse small particles of plastic, metal, ceramic, or glass powders into a mass representing a desired 3-dimensional object. Washington, D.C. Today, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) issued guidance about two junk fee practices that are likely unfair and unlawful under existing law. Jack Cover, a NASA researcher, invented the Taser in 1969. With its extensive range of graduate and undergraduate degrees, honors programs, research opportunities, and internship placements, the college serves more than 20,000 students, mentored by an award-winning faculty. With Farrell's permission, Parsons, the weaponeer in charge of the mission, completed the bomb assembly in the air to minimize the risks of a nuclear explosion in the event of a crash during takeoff. According to the Lemelson Center, an affiliation of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C., the breakaway rim was invented by Arthur Ehrat. The magazine wrote that the more than 100,000 others employed with the project "worked like moles in the dark". Founded by Stanley Hitchcock in 1992; sold to TCI after 2 years, which shut it down. This technique has gained popularity in the scientific and industrial communities. This is a list of American defunct television networks. This raises the patient's awareness and conscious control of his or her unconscious physiological activities. [157][158], 1964 Liquid crystal display (dynamic scattering mode), Snowboarding is a sport that involves descending a slope that is either partially or fully covered with snow on a snowboard attached to a rider's feet using a special boot set into a mounted binding. Physics Today has listings for the latest assistant, associate, and full professor roles, plus scientist jobs in specialized disciplines like theoretical physics, astronomy, condensed matter, materials, applied physics, astrophysics, optics and lasers, computational physics, plasma physics, and others! Xfire video game news covers all the biggest daily gaming headlines. Introducing the term "homeland" centers attention on a population that needs to be protected not only against emergencies such as natural disasters but also against diffuse threats from individuals who are non-native to the United States. [248] Yet in December 1945, the National Safety Council presented the Manhattan Project with the Award of Honor for Distinguished Service to Safety in recognition of its safety record. [194][195], A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. It prevents the surfboard from being swept away by waves and prevents a runaway surfboard from hitting other surfers and swimmers. [241], Oak Ridge security personnel considered any private party with more than seven people as suspicious, and residentswho believed that US government agents were secretly among themavoided repeatedly inviting the same guests. The Space Pen, also known as the Zero Gravity Pen, is a pen that uses pressurized ink cartridges and is claimed to write in zero gravity, upside down, underwater, over wet and greasy paper, at any angle, and in extreme temperature ranges. The Department of Physics and Astronomy at Carleton College is seeking applications for multiple appointments at the Assistant Professor level for the 2023-2024 academic year. Invented at DuPont in 1965 by Stephanie Kwolek, Kevlar was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. St. Louis and Midwest Cable Sports station; existed from April 1984March 1985. William L. Laurence of The New York Times, who wrote an article on atomic fission in The Saturday Evening Post of 7 September 1940, later learned that government officials asked librarians nationwide in 1943 to withdraw the issue. The fusion centers gather information from government sources as well as their partners in the private sector.[61][62]. Whitcomb's tests finally culminated with the first successful test flight of his attached winglets on a KC-135 Stratotanker on July 24, 1979. This base, close to the border with Nevada, was codenamed "Kingman" or "W-47". It defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the Physical Layer of the OSI networking model, through means of network access at the Media Access Control (MAC)/Data Link Layer, and a common addressing format. It began operations in 2003, formed as a result of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, enacted in response to the September 11 attacks. It was invented by Dr. William Holmes Crosby, Jr. in 1955. [217], A video game console is an interactive entertainment computer or electronic device that produces a video display signal which can be used with a display device such as a television to display a video game. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components. Ironically, Gould, Townes, or Schawlow never built the first working laser. [300][301][302], On the morning of 9 August 1945, a second B-29 (Bockscar), piloted by the 393d Bombardment Squadron's commander, Major Charles W. Sweeney, lifted off with a Fat Man on board. The lint roller was co-invented in 1956 by American electrical engineer Nicholas McKay and his wife Helen. [258][259], Tilt-and-roll luggage or wheeled luggage, is a variant of luggage for travelers which typically contains two-fixed wheels on one end and a telescoping handle on the opposite end for vertical movement. [241], Tolman and Conant, in their role as the project's scientific advisers, drew up a list of candidate scientists and had them rated by scientists already working on the project. Perl, Raphael (2004). In 1980, Frank Bellissimo, the husband of Teresa, told The New Yorker that her buffalo wings were invented out of necessity because the restaurant had gotten an overstock of chicken wings instead of other chicken parts that the couple didn't know what to do with. [66], A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of data, which shows certain data on certain products. On March 1, 2003, the Federal Emergency Management Agency was absorbed into the DHS and in the fall of 2008 took over coordination of the campaign. Replaced by ESPN College Extra on August 28, 2015. A laser turntable is a phonograph that plays gramophone records using a laser beam as the pickup instead of a conventional diamond-tipped stylus. Precursor to. The first electronic paper, called Gyricon, consisted of polyethylene spheres between 75 and 106 micrometres across. Became Universal Sports. Test drops were carried out at Muroc Army Air Field, California, and the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern, California. The Ad Council which partners with DHS on its Ready.gov campaign and the consulting company Landor Associates were responsible for graphic design and maintaining heraldic integrity. On January 11, 2005, President Bush nominated federal judge Michael Chertoff to succeed Ridge. "[189], Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment. Spandex is stronger and more durable than rubber, its major non-synthetic competitor. Electronic paper reflects light like ordinary paper and is capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity, while allowing the image to be changed later. The Department of Physics and Astronomy of the Johns Hopkins University invites applications for a faculty appointment in experimental quantum science. [6] On November 25, 2002, the Homeland Security Act established the Department of Homeland Security to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to "homeland security" into a single Cabinet agency. It was not restricted to those involving nuclear weapons. The functions of a Holter monitor captures and records information such as heart rates during day and night, abnormal heart beats, and normal and abnormal heart rhythms. Starting in mid-1946, Oak Ridge began distributing radioisotopes to hospitals and universities. [208][209] With a price tag of $750 and after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors in 1973. It consists of a gastric balloon, an esophageal balloon, and a gastric suction port. Was also known as JCPenney Television Shopping Channel until closure in 1991. [252], Paintball is a game in which players eliminate opponents by hitting them with pellets containing paint usually shot from a carbon dioxide or compressed-gas, HPA or N2O, in a powered paintball gun. We are Animal Control in NYC & NJ and we specialize in the trapping and removal of all types of wild animals that may have invaded your territory. The transistor is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer, and other electronic systems. Physics Today is a partner in the American Institute of Physics Job Board Distribution Network. A markup language is a modern system for annotating a text in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from that text. Previously, e-mail could only be sent to users on the same computer. [152], In computer programming, BASIC is a family of high-level programming languages. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade. Best known for its academic excellence and warm, welcoming campus community, Carleton offers 37 majors and 15 concentrations in the arts, humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences. [214], Electronic mail, often shortened to e-mail, is a method of creating, transmitting, or storing primarily text-based human communications with digital communications systems. Supercritical airfoils are characterized by their flattened upper surface, highly cambered aft section, and greater leading edge radius as compared to traditional airfoil shapes. [248], Polar fleece, or "fleece", is a soft napped insulating synthetic wool fabric made from polyethylene terephthalate or other synthetic fibers. The security infrastructure surrounding the Manhattan Project was so vast and thorough that in the early days of the project in 1943, security investigators vetted 400,000 potential employees and 600 companies that would be involved in all aspects of the project for potential security risks. [322] Although performing better than ever,[323] the Alpha tracks could not compete with K-25 and the new K-27, which had commenced operation in January 1946. The first atomic clock was an ammonia maser device built in 1949 at the United States National Bureau of Standards. The annular blowout preventer was invented by Granville Sloan Knox in 1946 who received a patent on September 9, 1952. The Apgar scale is used to determine the physical status of an infant at birth. "[15], Whereas the Department of Defense is charged with military actions abroad, the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within, at, and outside its borders. ", {Proc. To help you find what you are looking for: Check the URL (web address) for misspellings or errors. A heartbeat doppler, also called a doppler fetal monitor or doppler fetal heartbeat monitor, is a handheld device which uses ultrasound to identify fetal heartbeat as part of the prenatal health care measures. Much remained to be done. That satellite failed to reach orbit. Groves allocated $72million to them for research activities in fiscal year 19461947. Became Telemundo Internacional in 2000. It [230] The basic network and supporting infrastructure of hexagonal cells used to support a mobile telephony system while remaining on the same channel were devised by Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young at AT&T Bell Labs in 1947. [123] This became the most common type, used in many applications from high-quality recording and lavalier use to built-in microphones in small sound recording devices and telephones. George Mueller, an American from St. Louis, Missouri is widely credited for jump starting, designing, and overseeing the Space Shuttle program after the demise of the Apollo program in 1972. [114], A gamma camera is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. The resin identification code was developed by the, The ZIP file format is a data compression and file archiver. The interrogation of German prisoners indicated that uranium and thorium were being processed in Oranienburg, 20 miles north of Berlin, so Groves arranged for it to be bombed on 15 March 1945. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation. In June the Office of Censorship asked newspapers and broadcasters to avoid discussing "atom smashing, atomic energy, atomic fission, atomic splitting, or any of their equivalents. WebFor further information please contact Prof. Stephan Roth at +49 40 8998-2934 (stephan.roth@desy.de). [332][333], A total of four weapons (the Trinity gadget, Little Boy, Fat Man, and an unused Fat Man bomb) were produced by the end of 1945, making the average cost per bomb around $500million in 1945 dollars. [14], DHS also halted large-scale immigration raids at job sites, saying in October 2021 that the administration was planning "a new enforcement strategy to more effectively target employers who pay substandard wages and engage in exploitative labor practices. IEEE, vol.50, 1697, pg. Zipper storage bags were patented by Robert W. Vergobbi on May 18, 1954. [66] A spokesman for U.S. Customs and Border Protection "acknowledged that the agency can, will and does open mail coming to U.S. citizens that originates from a foreign country whenever it's deemed necessary": All mail originating outside the United States Customs territory that is to be delivered inside the U.S. Customs territory is subject to Customs examination," says the CBP Web site. The University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer of women, minorities, protected veterans, and individuals with disabilities and encourages applications from these and other protected groups. Synthetic diamonds are also widely known as HPHT diamonds or CVD diamonds, HPHT and CVD being the production methods, high-pressure high-temperature synthesis and chemical vapor deposition, respectively. [131], The combined oral contraceptive pill, or birth-control pill, or simply "the Pill", is a combination of an estrogen and a progestin taken orally to inhibit normal female fertility. Launched on October 15, 1993; relaunched as, BET Holdings, Inc. / Home Shopping Network. The gamma camera was invented by Hal Anger in 1957. WebAstrophysicist. Radar guns may be hand-held or vehicle-mounted. [306] The Franck Report was the most notable effort pushing for a demonstration but was turned down by the Interim Committee's scientific panel. They spoke to officials at Union Minire du Haut Katanga about uranium shipments to Germany. The first weather satellite, Spandex is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity that is typically worn as apparel for exercising and in gymnastics. Primarily used for business and accounting purposes, the data can then be "added up" by a formula to give a total or sum. Joseph Sobek is credited with inventing the sport of racquetball in the Greenwich YMCA, though not with naming it. A common use includes angioplasty. The carbon dioxide laser was invented by. [283], Starting in November 1943, the Army Air Forces Materiel Command at Wright Field, Ohio, began Silverplate, the codename modification of B-29s to carry the bombs. [296] With the authorization to use the bomb against Japan already given, no alternatives were considered after the Japanese rejection of the Potsdam Declaration. DHS website, "Homeland Security plans move to hospital compound", "DHS headquarters consolidation has a new tentative plan at St. Elizabeths", "DHS St. Elizabeths campus gains 'center of gravity' with new headquarters", "DHS reveals more detail on what's to come for St. Elizabeths West", "Spending stalemate has costs at Department of Homeland Security Homeland Preparedness News", "$226 Million in Govt Ads Helped Pave the Way for War", "Homeland Security Frequently Asked Questions", "FEMA, Ad Council Launch New PSA Focused on People with Disabilities Preparing for Emergencies", "Individuals with Disabilities and Others with Access and Functional Needs | Ready.gov", "Surge Capacity Force Homeland Security", "DHS, partners convene for government council on protecting election infrastructure", "Congress Says DHS Oversaw $15 Billion in Failed Contracts", "Homeland Security Department Is Accused of Credit Card Misuse", "Government's Katrina credit cards criticized", "Congress says DHS oversaw $15 billion in failed contracts", "Who's running dozens of top-secret unpatched databases? The Moog synthesizer is an analog synthesizer without the use of a vacuum tube. In 1949, Willard F. Libby invented the procedure for carbon-14 dating. Congress estimates that the department has wasted roughly $15 billion in failed contracts (as of September2008[update]). The screen is in front of and usually below the lens of the camera, and the words on the screen are reflected to the eyes of the performer using a sheet of clear glass or specially prepared beam splitter. Bronx Office 391 E 149th Street Suite 305-2 Bronx, NY 10455; Brooklyn Office 929 Kings Highway Brooklyn, NY 11223; Queens Office 92-12 147th Place, 2nd Floor, Jamaica, NY 11435; Staten Island It takes the form of a rubber cap located on top of the keyboard embedded between the 'G', 'H' and 'B' keys. Hamming codes are of fundamental importance in coding theory and remain of practical use in modern computer design. WebThe United States Department of Energy (DOE) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government that oversees U.S. national energy policy and manages the research and development of nuclear power and nuclear weapons in the United States. In 1951, American astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer recommended that the United States Atomic Energy Commission commence containing and harnessing nuclear fusion of hydrogen at temperatures exceeding those at the Sun's surface. The Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) is a silicon chip of up to 2 million hinged microscopic aluminum mirrors all under digital control that tilt thousands of times per second in order to create an image by directing digital pulses through a projection lens and onto a television or movie theatre screen. [66], The department declined to outline what criteria are used to determine when a piece of personal correspondence should be opened or to say how often or in what volume Customs might be opening mail. [102], An industrial robot is an automatically controlled, re-programmable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes. Reacting to the incident, Mother Jones remarked "unlike other prying government agencies, Homeland Security wants you to know it is watching you. This marked the beginning of Sandia Base. [287], The 509th Composite Group was activated on 17 December 1944 at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, under the command of Colonel Paul W. Tibbets. Worked Hard and Wondered Long about Their Secret Job", "The Secret City/ Calutron operators at their panels, in the Y-12 plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, during World War II", "Oak Ridge Confidential, or Baseball for Bombs", "The Difficulties of Nuclear Containment", "A Spy's Path: Iowa to A-Bomb to Kremlin Honor", "Potsdam and the Final Decision to Use the Bomb", "U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, "Life Arises from Hiroshima: Legacy of slavery still haunts Japan", "Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Facts about the Atomic Bomb", "The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II, A Collection of Primary Sources", "Petition to the President of the United States, 17 July 1945. The GUI was co-invented at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay and Douglas Engelbart in 1981. [46], An atomic clock uses an atomic resonance frequency standard as its timekeeping element. AFS was a file system and sharing platform that allowed users to access and distribute stored content. We seek someone who will strengthen our commitment to teaching a diverse student body, and to producing majors who succeed in a variety of careers. The concept of packet switching of a network was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s,[255] and the mathematical formulations behind packet switching were later devised by Leonard Kleinrock. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called a magstripe, is read by physical contact and swiping past a reading head. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electronically modulated optical device shaped into a thin, flat panel made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. The basic architecture of GPS was devised in less than a month in 1972 by Colonel Bradford Parkinson, Mel Birnbaum, Bob Rennard, and Jim Spilker. Hair spray was first invented and manufactured in 1948 by Chase Products Company, based in Broadview, Illinois. By comparison, the project's total cost by the end of 1945 was about 90% of the total spent on the production of US small arms (not including ammunition) and 34% of the total spent on US tanks during the same period. To improve morale among such workers Oak Ridge created an extensive system of intramural sports leagues, including 10 baseball teams, 81 softball teams, and 26 football teams. They tracked down 68 tons of ore in Belgium and 30 tons in France. ; renamed INTRO Television, carrying the same programming format.

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