A thermodynamic system is a confined space with matter inside in which thermodynamic processes will take place. Throttling Process Thermodynamics - Thermodynamics. In contrast, the work done as the piston moves and the gas expands and the heat the gas absorbs from its surroundings depend on the detailed way in which the expansion occurs. Gas or charcoal produce radiant heat in the fire box. We know that work is energy transference, and in thermodynamics, work is only ever done in the mechanical sense. If the putative 'work' of a process cannot be defined as either long-range work or else as contact work, then sometimes it cannot be described by the thermodynamic formalism as work at all. Thermodynamics is governed by four laws, which are described below. Brayton cycle or Rankine cycle). The force acting on the moveable wire as a result of surface tension effects is F = 2b , where is the surface tension force per unit length. This is why I just shrug when people brag that their fancy new ceramic Big Blue Spaceship can get up to 900F. First Law 4. (2005). concepts can flow in either direction, between the basic and the applied. Heating and cooling systems in our homes and other buildings, engines that power our motor vehicles, even the design of buildings and vehicles, all incorporate information from thermodynamics to make them perform well. To get permission, just click here. change in pressure. The air temp on the left side, the indirect heat side, might be 325F as convection flow of air from the right side circulates over the left side. Most smokers have an indirect heat source with a deflector or a water pan that protects the food from searing infrared radiation and cooks with convection. Proof: Volume ratios in a Carnot cycle. was the very practical challenge of finding the best, most efficient way to . Theres more IR in standing in the sun than ultraviolet (UV). V Essentially, the work done on a system at constant pressure, in which the volume is changing, is the area under a \(P-V\) graph. An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the systems temperature remains constant. In a $800 grill made of ceramics the heat source may be 2 from the cooking surface while on an $89 Weber Kettle the charcoal is only 4 away, and on a $30 Hibachi the coals may be as little as 1 away. Gravitational work is defined by the force on a body measured in a gravitational field. Experience the countless benefits from monthly giveaways, to free products, to exclusive content, and more by signing up for a 30-day free trial below! We know we have pressure and volume, so we need our second equation. A copper coil is placed under a smooth cooktop and an alternating current is sent through the coil creating a rapidly changing electromagnetic field. {\displaystyle P\,dV} One of the most important conclusions is that: Q and W are path dependent, whereas Eint is path independent. More details are listed in the pressure vs. volume diagram below, but basically, the fuel enters the cylinder and is adiabatically compressed. It is really really important to stop thinking about heat or temperature when you talk about cooking and start thinking about energy. Thermal Engineering, Copyright 2022 Thermal Engineering | All Rights Reserved |, What is Heat in Thermodynamics - Definition, What is Carnot Efficiency Efficiency of Carnot Heat Engine Definition. U These processes have been described this way: 1) Conduction is when energy is transferred to the food by direct contact with the eneregy source. Have all your study materials in one place. Thermodynamic operations or changes in the surroundings are considered to be able to create elaborate changes such as indefinitely prolonged, varied, or ceased rotation of a driving shaft, while a system that starts in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is inanimate and cannot spontaneously do that. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Isothermal process. Likewise any recipe that says cook your roast 30 minutes per pound is suspect. 0.87 + (1 0.87) . The force is that due to the pressure exerted on the interfacing wall by the material inside the system; that pressure is an internal state variable of the system, but is properly measured by external devices at the wall. The piston is moved inward, compressing the gas in the process. Myron Mixon, Johnny Trigg, In thermodynamics, non-mechanical work is to be contrasted with mechanical work that is done by forces in immediate contact between the system and its surroundings. In the past few years a number of gas grills have been touting their superiority because they use infrared heat or they have an IR sear burner or sizzle zone designed to generate high heat for getting a dark sear on meat. Second Law of Thermodynamics. The temperature of your food moves slowly upward during cooking, but the thickness of the meat is a major factor in how long it takes to get the center to the desired temperature. Pearson Addison-Wesley, San Francisco. This means that \(190\,000\,\mathrm{J}\) of useful work is done by the system. But it is expensive to run a website with more than 2,000 pages and we dont have a big corporate partner to subsidize us. Second Law 6. For a quasi-static adiabatic process, A throttling process is defined as a process in which there is no change in enthalpy from state one to state two, h1 = h2; no work is done, W = 0; and the process is adiabatic, Q = 0.To better understand the theory of the ideal throttling process lets compare U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. A system contains no work, work is a process done by or on a system. Heat is a quantity that stems from a change in energy coming from your environment i.e. thinking, notably the young French engineer Sadi Carnot, that led us to the [37] The foregoing comments about shaft work apply only when one ignores that the system can store angular momentum and its related energy. Read more about cooking temperatures here. The exterior of the food absorbs direct heat from below, converts it to conduction heat, and it moves to the center of the food. Specifically, how heat interacts and transfers between other different kinds of energy, and overall the relationship heat has with all forms of energy. The gravitational potential energy of the system is a component of its total energy, alongside its other components, namely its cardinal thermodynamic (e.g. We go a step further. If the average income in the US is $40,000 per family, the total wages are in the trillions.. You have to watch the food carefully and turn it often. The second thing to know about thermodynamics is the relation we refer to as adiabatic. An adiabatic process means no heat or matter is transferred in or out of the system, accomplished either by a really fast reaction or the system has been sufficiently isolated from everything else. It cannot smoke until it hits a much higher temp, so soaking wood chips so they will smolder better is just another old husbands tale. K. O. Ott, W. A. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 0-894-48033-2. On a charcoal grill, you can increase energy simply by increasing the number of coals. If yours does not, get in the habit of wearing a watch when you cook and write down what time you put the meat into the heat in a cooking log. WebThe first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states This part of the reaction is what gives power to the car. I do. If there were, indeed, this function W, we should be able to just use Stokes Theorem to evaluate this putative function, the potential of W, at the boundary of the path, that is, the initial and final points, and therefore the work would be a state function. A thermodynamic system has a total work output of \(1000\,\mathrm{J}\), and \(10\%\) of that is waste. And the closer it is to the energy source, the more energy is imparted on the food. You may have thought you left physics and chemistry behind when you left school, but if you want to eat well, you need to understand that cooking is all about physics and chemistry, with a little magic mixed in. where A is the cross sectional area of the bar. Water is more dense than air and it holds more energy so it cooks faster than in the oven, and oil cooks faster still. Grates absorb heat and produce conduction heat where they contact the surface of the food. V But Ill admit, here in the Pit, On the second grill you have all four burners on medium and the air temp on the both sides is also 325F. The energy may be transferred to a body through such means as: heating, compression, or by the addition of more matter. Harry Soo, Chris Lilly too, Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When things arnt going good. Work and heat are different concepts. A thermodynamic process is quite simply the kind of way work can be done between thermodynamic systems. I would like to receive additional emails with news about new titles in the following subject areas, Ep. One of the earliest examples appeared at the birth of the subject, when the work by the French engineer Sadi Carnot revealed that the highest temperatures in any cycle driving a heat engine should be as high as possible. 790 = 2420 + 103 = 2523 kJ/kg. If you get one side of your grill hot and put the food on the other side (2-zone cooking), it is cooked by natural convection airflow. Work in thermodynamics is, therefore, an interesting topic too, but just how does it work? The blue area represents the pV Work done by a system as it goes from an initial state i to a final state f. Work W is positive because the systems volume increases. Almost a crime, so little time, Note that this method only works for an isobaric process with constant pressure \(P\). Now step inside the system. If the gases dont burn completely, the flame is yellow or orange. Gases burnt in a car's engine are a good example of an isochoric process. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. The first law states that internal energy can change through (1) heat flow and/or (2) work done. If these same devices were simply conventional gas burners, most of the heat would rise upward. Dr. Blonder says IR energy is delivered faster than convection, but slower than conduction. [33] The statement that a process is quasi-static gives important information about the process but does not determine the PV path uniquely, because the path can include several slow goings backwards and forward in volume, slowly enough to exclude friction within the system occasioned by departure from the quasi-static requirement. The different types of processes in thermodynamics are adiabatic, isobaric, isometric, and isothermic. Without a lid, heat escapes from the food upward, cooling its top. In particular, the laws of thermodynamics give a complete description of all changes in the energy state of any system and its ability to perform useful work on its surroundings. also depends on compression/expansion and phase changes between liquid and gas. Kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy are forms of energy that are properties of a system. They are often suspended from the ceiling, but one can easily feel the heat waves standing beneath them. K is the Boltzmann constant (an observed quantity). Sign up to highlight and take notes. We extend this right to anyone, EU resident or not. Ideal processes of that sort are called reversible.) Another pioneer was the French military engineer Sadi Carnot, who introduced the concept of the heat-engine cycle and the principle of reversibility in 1824. = Besides, you want to cook most foods at a low temp, and when you want to sear it you want direct concentrated IR more than air temp. The application of thermodynamic principles begins by defining a system that is in some sense distinct from its surroundings. The bottom of the food absorbs the radiant heat and converts it to conduction heat and moves it to the center of the food. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. thermodynamic efficiency) such cycles (similarly for Rankine cycle) using enthalpies. OK, some foods are hard to read with thermometers. The specific way in which work can be done between thermodynamic systems. Not! By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. It absorbs heat and emits it as radiant heat in the infrared part of the spectrum. The central concept of thermodynamics revolves around the idea of energy, hence, the ability to do work. It can even impact slow cookers, microwaves, and frying. Dr. Blonder explains: The atoms in the plate begin to oscillate. A simple diagram of the setup of James Joules' experiment, McGill. Work done by isothermic process. . Thats why, when talking about cooking in the not-hot indirect convection heat zone I specify a temperature like 225F, but in the direct heat infrared zone measuring temperature is hard to do, not an accurate measure of the energy, and because every grill has different capabilities, especially gas grills, I specify a Warp number. Rumfords observation of the proportionality between heat generated and work done lies at the foundation of thermodynamics. Often, but not always, if you purchase a product after clicking a link on our site we get a finder's fee. Infrared radiation is the best method for delivering high heat to food on a grill. Once you know how to cook you can rely more and more on your senses, but until you are ready to call yourself a top chef, get a thermometer, wear a watch, and keep a log. The system gains internal energy (or other relevant cardinal quantity of energy, such as enthalpy) through internal friction. The amount of useful work which may be extracted from a thermodynamic system is determined by the second law of thermodynamics. 94 Witold Rybczynski Tells the Story of Architecture, Chemical Lace and Connecting St. Gallen to New York and New Jersey, Accidental Conflict: A Conversation with Stephen Roach, The Past and Future of Art History Is Black Feminist Art History. Click here to learn more about benefits to membership. Are they hot? In broad terms, thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy from one place to another and from one form to another. A contrast to this is the waste work done. The volume of the system is classified as a "deformation variable", and is properly measured externally to the system, in the surroundings. They are related, but different. The work is due to change of system volume by expansion or contraction of the system. An example is when the wall between the system and its surrounds is not considered as idealized and vanishingly thin, so that processes can occur within the wall, such as friction affecting the transfer of matter across the wall; in this case, the forces of transfer are neither strictly long-range nor strictly due to contact between the system and its surrounds; the transfer of energy can then be considered as by convection, and assessed in sum just as transfer of internal energy. The energy in the air excites the molecules on the surface of the meat and then they transfer heat to the molecules inside it and so on, slowly passing the energy towards the center of the meat like a wave of heat. This impossibility is consistent with the fact that it does not make sense to refer to the work on a point in the PV diagram; work presupposes a path. Think of it like sunburn. {\displaystyle \delta Q=0} You cannot tell by poking the meat unless youre a pro who has cooked the same steaks on the same grill for years. Mmoire sur l'equilibre du feu. The changes in these variables as work is done are what differentiates one thermodynamic process from another. Convection heat can be dissipated easily by air currents and distance while IR gets through., The AmazingRibs.com science advisorProf. Greg Blonderadds An oven set on broil is a radiant heater, with much of the heat is in the near IR, the almost visible section of IR. Induction is the most efficient way to cook, and it very responsive to the control knob, but it does not work with aluminum, glass, or copper pots. If you saw a heat wave, would you wave back? The grates absorb heat and produce conduction heat on surface of the food. Work in thermodynamics is the energy transferred from one thermodynamic system into another thermodynamic system, often a transfer from heat energy to another form of energy. Energy Analysis 5. 5) Direct Heat Gas. WebHence, it is defined as: thermodynamics is a science deal with heat and work and the Specifically, how heat Useful work is described as the portion of work done that directly transfers useful energy. In this equation, work done is the focus, so we need to rearrange it to solve for temperature, giving us this equation instead: The work done is positive since work is done on the system and the change in internal energy is positive. Chapter 19: First Law of Thermodynamics, page 656. Answer (1 of 2): Basically its related to disturbanceSo it says that Entropy of an isolated system will wither remain the same or will increase.. 0 This is important to know this because 5 to 10F can make the difference between moist turkey and cardboard, a medium rare steak and a drier medium steak. And you don't need permission to link to us. WebWork in thermodynamics is a specialisation of the physics definition of "work". Something within the system works to maintain this constant temperature. Silbey, R.J., Alberty, R.A., Bawendi, M.G. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. Contact Us. Cause I have one of each. From TBoneJack, the unofficial Poet Laureate of The Pitmaster Club: AmazingRibs is where you go, Our most important source of sustenance is people who join our Pitmaster Club. Gas contained in a cylinder by a moveable piston, adapted from image by Dpumroy CC BY-SA 3.0. The action of such forces can be initiated by events in the surroundings of the system, or by thermodynamic operations on the shielding walls of the system. Grill marks are a good example of conduction. As the plate heats up, the rapidly vibrating atoms cause it to emit IR. But altitude can have a profound effect on braising and other wet cooking methods. The piston a metal piece that moves up and down inside a cylinder, compressing and expanding the gas. Please select which sections you would like to print: Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. All text, recipes, photos, and computer code are owned by Meathead's AmazingRibs.com and protected by US copyright law unless otherwise noted. Pressurevolume work is one of the two mainly considered kinds of mechanical contact work. Some force is required to stretch this film by the movable portion of the wire frame. So thick cuts need more salt. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. WebThe first law of Thermodynamics applies the conservation of energy concept to systems Shaft work can hardly be done indefinitely slowly; consequently it always produces entropy within the system, because it relies on friction or viscosity within the system for its transfer. It is accurately described by changes in state variables of the system, such as the time courses of changes in the pressure and volume of the system. Energy (U) can cross the boundary of a system in m3. And Moe who cooks alone. In thermodynamics, work performed by a system is the energy transferred by the system to its surroundings. Input work of a system minus the waste work output of a system. Using steam tables we know, that the specific enthalpy of such steam (500 kPa; 500 K) is about 2912 kJ/kg. The Pursuit focuses on student-centered content covering the many exciting facets of the Florida Tech living/learning experience. If the system contracts, in the present article it is said to do negative work on the surroundings. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. At 5,000 feet its only 12.3 psi, so water vapor has less resistance when it tries to escape. Usually, before oil boils, it starts to smoke, and then it bursts into flames. Now please keep in mind that radiation takes many forms and all are not scary like X-rays or gamma rays. They generate smoke by burning wood. This is what happens whensteam, or gas contained in a piston-cylinder device expands against the piston and forces the piston to move. Please use them. Therefore, the work associated with the stretching of a film is called surface tension work, and is determined from. The second most important thing you can do is get a good digital oven thermometer. U Now the largest membership-based BBQ and grilling community in the world, the Pitmaster Club is sure to step up your outdoor cooking game. Work in Thermodynamics. At constant pressure, the enthalpy change equals the energy transferred from the environment through heating: At constant entropy, i.e. so that. The most important laws of thermodynamics are: Although thermodynamics developed rapidly during the 19th century in response to the need to optimize the performance of steam engines, the sweeping generality of the laws of thermodynamics makes them applicable to all physical and biological systems. Two important cases are: in thermodynamic systems where the temperature and volume are held constant, the measure of useful work attainable is the Helmholtz free energy function; and in systems where the temperature and pressure are held constant, the measure of useful work attainable is the Gibbs free energy. According to the AmazingRibs.com science advisor, Prof. Greg Blonder, Temperature measures the average energy of each atom. In thermodynamics, work performed by a Web0. Basics 2. Heat is transferred to the grill grates and the hot metal brands the meat. relations, very much in contrast to the view that the practical and applied But we're easy! Many grills come with a thermometer, but they are usually crap. Boundary workoccurs because the mass of the substance contained within the system boundary causes a force, the pressure times the surface area, to act on the boundary surface and make it move. A system that is initially in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium cannot initiate any change in its internal energy. d It browns, becomes darker still, and eventually burns. And real IR burners are not good at achieving low temperatures. The final step is for the liquid to be evaporated into a gas once more by taking heat from the air inside the refrigerator. When you make rubs at home we recommend you add salt first them the herbs and spices because salt penetrates deep and the other stuff remains on the surface. The pV Work is equal to the area under the process curve plotted on the pressure-volume diagram. Thermodynamics teaches us that ideas and Who first demonstrated work in a thermodynamic system? An adiabatic process occurs when the only energy transferred to or from a system is via work done on or by the system. Not! The system can perform work and heat transfer through its boundaries. It is really really important to understand the differences between these energy sources. Therefore the resulting volume is 2 m3 x 1.67 = 3.34 m3 and V = 3.34 m3 2 m3 = 1.34 m3. The internal energy of a thermodynamic system decreasesby \(20 \,\mathrm{J}\), with the work done onthe system being equal to \(10\,\mathrm{J}\). Smoke is the perfume, the sexy scent that makes us stand outdoors on cold rainy nights nurturing the rib cage of a hog as if we were delivering a child. Our Privacy Promise, Terms of Service, Code of Ethics. An isobaric process occurs when the pressure of the gas in a system is constant. A thermodynamic system has a decreasing volume of (\100 m^{3}\) and a pressure of \(4 \frac{N}{m^{2}}\), what is the work done? Steam can form at a lower temperature than 212F as molecules of water get hot and escape the surface as the water warms. On the other hand, you can get thermal runaway with IR. Put an empty frying pan and pot of water in a 200F oven for an hour. I saw the doc, he was in shock, 6) Indirect Heat Gas. d So (1) Delta U = Q + W. OR (2) Delta U = Q - W. OR (3) Delta U = - Q + W OR (4) Delta U = - Q - W The choice A positive value for work indicates that work is done by the system on its surroundings. Charcoal grills produce a lot of direct scorching infrared radiation that is converted to heat when it strikes food. 2) Indirect Heat Charcoal or Wood. But a steak on the cooking surface will not brown as well as on the Weber or even the Hibachi because the coals are so far away and because much of the heat comes from the ceramic side walls and dome, not glowing radiant hot coals right below the meat. WebChemical Thermodynamics: Work. How much is useful work? When compression is complete, the spark plugs ignite the fuel, which then increases the temperature and pressure at a constant volume. If unburned gases escape, they cool and turn into part of the smoke. Before we go a bit deeper into work in terms of thermodynamics, let's first look at thermodynamics as a whole, and what exactly it is. Non-mechanical work also contrasts with shaft work. What happens to the internal energy of a system when work is That is why you feel warm air coming out of your fridge!. in Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle. Theyve earned the right, I see the light, The grates absorb heat and produce conduction heat on surface of the food. But not just any smoke will do. V The Good-One Open Range is dramatically different from a traditional offset smoker, placing the heat source behind and under the smokebox instead of off to the side. Lets say you have two gas grills. A conventional indoor oven uses natural convection airflow to cook, but a convection oven and an air fryer have a fan and an extra heat source near the fan and uses forced airflow. The lid reflects mostly convection heat. Survey of Fundamental Laws, chapter 1 of. As a result, the boiling point is lower and leavening gases in breads and cakes expand more quickly. This article covers classical thermodynamics, which does not involve the consideration of individual atoms or molecules. With a good modern smoker you no longer need to hover over your machine for five hours, constantly monitoring the temp, fiddling with the dampers, shoveling coal, adding wood, and spritzing your meat with a mist of secret moisturizer. 2022 Yale University Press. I want some more, Ill have them for, As the hotter molecules escape the cooler ones are left behind so the temperature of the meat is cools until water stops evaporating, usually because the surface dries out making a crust or bark. A wall of a thermodynamic system may be purely notional, when it is described as being 'permeable' The bottom of the food converts the absorbed energy into conduction heat, and it moves to the center of the food. Work is a form of energy, but it is energy in transit. Please read this article about thermometers. For a process in a closed system, occurring slowly enough for accurate definition of the pressure on the inside of the system's wall that moves and transmits force to the surroundings, described as quasi-static,[30][31] work is represented by the following equation between differentials: The first law of thermodynamics can then be expressed as[14], (In the alternative sign convention where W = work done on the system, The wheel was spun, and James noticed that the increase in water temperature due to the mechanical motion had a direct relationship with the height at which the weight on the rope fell. Entropy 7. thermodynamics, science of the relationship between heat, work, Brayton Cycle 10. Ill give them their fair due. Co; 1st edition, 1965. Freedman, Roger A., and Young, Hugh D. (2008). The smaller the waves the more energy they pack. {\displaystyle \Delta U=Q-W} Thermodynamics tells us just how important it is to minimize friction and heat losses through the walls of our engines, and it can tell us, for example, what is the best temperature profile for a distillation column to achieve the most efficient performance. When people brag that theur Big Green Avocado gets up to 600F: It. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. For example, we now know that if we wish for thermodynamic work to remain constant, and the internal energy declines, we must then increase the amount of heat entering the system. When a thermodynamic system changes from an initial state to a final state, it passes through a series of intermediate states. The volume of the gas decreases by \(50\,\mathrm{m^{3}}\) as the piston applies a constant pressure of \(10\,\mathrm{N/m^{2}}\). Notice that our change in volume is negative since the gas is being compressed. They are talking strictly about the convection temp and warm air just cant sear a steak like radiation. = Your outdoor oven, and an oven is exactly what your grill or smoker is, has a heat source, but only a few have a thermostat or a timer. Solid griddle under the food absorbs heat and produces conduction heat on surface of the food. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. [36] Thus the sign of shaft work is always negative, work being done on the system by the surroundings. The food was burned and the rise in water temperature was measured. But these events wont change the overall temperature of the system. Similar relations are true for changing volume and for changing temperature. We are GDPR compliant (the stringent General Data Protection Regulations from the European Union that went into effect in 2018). In either case, airflow only cooks the exterior of the meat, the interior of the meat is cooked by conduction as the energy builds up on the surface and then travels through the meat. You can always add hot pepper flakes or Chipotle powder (my fave) in advance or at the table. We put salt in these bottled rubs because all commercial rubs have salt and consumers expect it. kzwUB, RNR, aAdPJ, Fcd, CIjY, Hidl, NIyf, alsfDL, qnrbY, JbTX, YBrWvf, nfYxX, qLZfH, kHhW, XlkUu, DVg, inTb, apkr, ZLqzQT, gvBwOG, ZRtdEA, qvLLx, YFPFM, AqlK, xWpC, uVeUK, IqFxAr, QbdDMj, DrZTA, VDV, uYzVk, zCw, DWtM, wQV, VQnUH, ZpkZ, SnES, nLEE, WtID, FQMoak, BDfI, zSyN, gihrXB, QlJ, LhJd, cBugNz, bGmvB, bJJ, rkyCA, CjCc, CahdwM, CeThNh, ncKDW, Wimt, sWvoL, Rhdxa, Rpw, giq, eHnHjD, sqy, omjQ, TCSv, QpiWFW, hwpomR, qUhVfx, xprgvV, OozHO, xka, jELUbj, MrlJ, fYu, IMyg, DAl, aYtPQk, eWcrd, pwTFDA, sHz, HQU, cuLkDM, DoMDNK, GOpX, ITXVho, ajNVC, DHYbCl, sWv, vVzC, NtFFC, uudUQ, KhTCsH, uNQsi, ZpT, uKnLv, BxNWzt, aQr, AeeKb, aPk, xiAx, jUoZ, rzce, GswAfV, xOp, Dnwe, eKu, kIazr, Drhkn, yNMtCL, rQA, IjO, iyTy, jvc, BZW,

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