Standring, S. (2016). Flexor digitorum longus muscle (Musculus flexor digitorum longus) -Liene Znotina, Plantar flexion of foot (plantarflexio pedis) -Paul Kim. Absence of the tendon for the little finger by Wood and . Netter, F. (2014). Read more. pronator quadratus m.) Deep to flexor digitorum brevis you can find quadratus plantae and lumbrical muscles together with the tendons of flexor digitorum longus muscle. The two muscle bellies of quadratus plantae attach to the inserting tendons of flexor digitorum longus. The origin and function of this muscle is debated, both in humans and other primates. Gordana Sendi MD Identification of a flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscle with unique distal attachments. Cheung YY, Rosenberg ZS, Colon E, Jahss M. MR imaging of flexor digitorum accessorius longus. Flexor digitorum brevis muscle: want to learn more about it? Edama M, Takabayashi T, Inai T, Kikumoto T, Hirabayashi R, Ito W, Nakamura E, Ikezu M, Kaneko F, Kageyama I. Surg Radiol Anat. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). To expand your knowledge check out our article and quiz about muscles of the leg. The variability of the origin, insertion, size, and location of the FDAL muscle can cause a wide array of foot and ankle pathologies, most notably, tarsal tunnel syndrome and flexor hallucis longus syndrome. 2022 The FDAL courses through the tarsal . Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Insights Imaging. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 1949 Jul;83(Pt 3):224-6 Kenhub. Wahba et al. * Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project Epub 2018 Feb 1. Action. Where is the flexor tendon in the foot? The action and phylogenetic importance of this muscle remains a matter of disagreement among different researchers. The medial surface includes the portion between the medial border and the linea aspera; it is continuous above with the lower border of the neck, below with the medial side of the 2018 Mar;52(2):134-142. doi: 10.1016/j.aott.2018.01.001. Flexor digitorum superficialis arises at two origin points/heads: From these origin points, the muscular heads of the flexor digitorum superficialis courses distally across the anterior forearm. Register now A variant of this muscle has often been incriminated in causation of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Foot (Edinb). It is situated medial to flexor hallucis longus and deep to the superficial layer of muscles in the posterior leg compartment, specifically the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, which collectively form thetriceps surae muscle. In this compartment, the tendon divides into four smaller tendons that insert onto the bases of the distal phalanges of the lateral four digits. Epub 2019 Apr 16. Unilateral muscles are more common although bilateral cases have been reported. Register now The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Flexor digitorum longus is a thin muscle that belongs to the deep posterior muscles of the leg. A combined variation of Palmaris longus and Flexor digitorum superficialis: Case report and review of literature. Although at first sight the limbs and lobefins of extant species look different, they share some deep similarities in their anatomical organizationthe way in which bones and muscles are arranged togetherthat reveal their common origin. Plantarflexion is aided by the triceps surae muscle. The flexor digitorum profundus muscle is found in the deep layer of the anterior forearm. Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 2 million users. Flexor digitorum superficialis lies in the anterior compartment of the forearm lying superficial to flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus, and deep to pronator teres, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). extensor digitorum communis 11 575 5057 2 pronator quadratus 69 3485 5057 3 flexor carpi radialis 11 545 5057 4 flexor digitorum . The flexor digitorum profundus lymphatic drainage is part of the upper limb lymph system, consisting of superficial and deep lymphatic vessels. It presents great variety, both in its origin (tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane or long flexor of the toes) and in its insertion (long flexor of the toes at . Check for errors and try again. 1962 Jul;96:321-33 Origin. Figure 8.5. the now classic cross-innervation experiment of Buller et al. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis. (1999) Skeletal radiology. 2000;182(6):573-6. It runs from the posterior surface of the tibia, across the posterior compartment of the leg to the phalanges of the foot. [1] The flexor digitorum superficialis courses along the volar aspect of the forearm, superficial to the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus muscles, and deep to the palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and . Anatomy and human movement: structure and function (6th ed.). posterior suprapatellar (prefemoral or supratrochlear) fat pad, anterior suprapatellar (quadriceps) fat pad, accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, superficial posterior tibiotalar ligament, superficial posterior compartment of the leg (calf), accessory extensor digiti secundus muscle, descending branch of the lateral circumflex, Flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscles, Flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscle, accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle may compress the neurovascular bundle within the tarsal tunnel and cause, accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle has also been reported to contribute to the development of flexor hallucis longus muscle tenosynovitis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. In the foot, the plantar aponeurosis was removed and the flexor digitorum brevis was reflected distally in order to observe the most distal portions of . Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. The accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle arises from the medial margin of the tibia and the deep posterior compartment fascia or from the fibula. Foot Ankle Int. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. summary. Last reviewed: September 28, 2022 The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. Magnetic resonance imaging of anomalous leg muscles: accessory soleus, peroneus quartus and flexor digitorum longus accessorius. Conclusion Forearm Muscles - Anterior Compartment | Anatomy Tutorial. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Author: It is caused by a compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel, together with tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar The split tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis reunites deep to the tendon of flexor digitorum profundus, around which it forms a loop. J Hand Surg, 24 (1999), pp. All rights reserved. Its large muscular belly courses distally towards the wrist, where it splits into four tendons and attaches to the middle phalanges of the second through fifth digits of the hand. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Humeroulnar head: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, Metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints 2-5: Finger flexion, Ulnar artery, radial artery, median artery. It had fleshy origin from medial surface of calcaneus that extended deep to medio-malleolo calcaneal axis, i.e. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Flexor digitorum brevis muscle is vascularized by the branches of the posterior tibial artery; medial plantar and lateral plantar arteries. The common flexor origin and especially the tendinous part of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle is located deep to the origin of the flexor carpi radialis and the palmaris longus muscles 2. Muscles may have multiple origin and insertion sites depending on the size of. The long accessory flexor muscle: an anatomical study. The main action of this muscle is flexion of the digits 2-5 at both the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. Its insertion is located in on the medial face of the os calcis, below the sustentaculum tali. extensor indicis muscle wikipedia extensor indicis origin insertion and function kenhub extensor digiti minimi muscle wikipedia list of anatomical variations wikipedia body anatomy upper extremity tendons the . In addition, flexor digitorum superficialis aids the aids flexion of the wrist. The flexor digitorum superficialis tendons then insert into the palmar surface of the base of the middle phalanx. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). The flexor digitorum longus ( FDL) muscle is located on the tibial side of the leg within the deep posterior compartment of the leg. Usually, the muscle is arranged into superficial and deep layers, or strata. Palastanga, N., & Soames, R. (2012). 23 (1): 51-5. Flexor digitorum brevis is situated lateral to abductor digiti minimi and medial to abductor hallucis muscles. Read more. Atlas of Human Anatomy (6th ed.). 1995 Oct;16(10):637-40. doi: 10.1177/107110079501601010. It arises by two heads and gets inserted into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle. 2018 May;40(5):533-535. doi: 10.1007/s00276-018-1991-7. Origin, insertion, functions, and exercises for the Flexor Digitorum Longus muscle.. FB Page: Becky Fidler Fitness. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. As the plantar foot muscles can be classified either by groups (medial to lateral) or by layers (superficial to deep), the precise location of flexor digitorum brevis can be described in two ways; Flexor digitorum brevis is in charge of the toe flexion at the metatarsophalangeal joints of the lateral four digits. The muscle was found to be very variable. The tendons which bend the toes originate from two muscles of the lower leg; the Flexor digitorum longus and the Flexor hallucis longus muscles. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Palmar surfaces of the distal phalanges of the index, middle, ring and little fingers. It is important to understand the specific relation between flexor digitorum longus and quadratus plantae muscle (flexor accessorius). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD Unlike the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis has independent muscle slips for all four digits. also reported that occasionally a tendon separated from the FDS joins one of the tendons of the FDP muscle (accessorius profundus digitorum).14 However, in the present case, there was no tendon to the little finger from the FDP muscle, so the FDS tendon to the little finger could not be described as accessory. Due to its attachments, flexor digitorum longus performs its action in four different joints; talocrural (ankle joint), talocalcaneal (subtalar joint), metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. Jana Vaskovi MD The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the An accessory muscle-flexor digitorum accessorius longus-was observed in two cases. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Foot Ankle Int 1995; 16: 637-640. Aparisi Gmez MP, Aparisi F, Bartoloni A, Ferrando Fons MA, Battista G, Guglielmi G, Bazzocchi A. Last reviewed: December 05, 2022 M. flexor digitorum lateralis M. flexor digitorum medialis Origin: M. flexor digitorum lateralis: Proximal caudal half of fibula Proximal caudolateral border of tibia Interosseus membrane M. flexor digitorum medialis: Caudoproximally form tibia Insertion: Ph3, plantar of digits 2-5, on tuberculum flexoria Eq: facies flexoria Action: They run down the inside of the ankle and under the foot to the toes and are known as the flexor tendons. Flexor digitorum longus is a thin muscle that belongs to the deep posterior muscles of the leg. flexor digitorum profundus m.) + ( . Flexor digitorum muscle is supplied by branches of the posterior tibial artery, which is a terminal branch of the popliteal artery. The tendons course over the respective plantar surfaces of lateral four metatarsal bones and proximal phalanges. This muscle runs deep to the thick layer of the plantar aponeurosis. Roberto Grujii MD Magnetic Resonance Diagnosis of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Due to Flexor Digitorum Accessorius Longus and Peroneocalcaneus Internus . Reviewer: The accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle is an accessory muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the leg with a reported prevalence of 6-8%. Reviewer: MeSH Usually, the muscle is arranged into superficial and deep layers, or strata. J Anat. The quadratus plantae is a 2 head muscle that is located in the sole of the foot. 1991; 12 Test your newly acquired knowledge on the flexor digitorum superficialis and other flexors of the forearm with our quiz! Its tendons run medially to the common plantar digital nerves and vessels. -, J Anat. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. Radial half of extensor carpi radialis longus tendon as graft to elongate muscle tendon unit for correction of finger clawing. Insertion Origin Nerve Supply Action Functional Activity Flexor accessorius emerges by two heads via the medial and lateral tubercles of the calcaneus and the adjacent tubercles of the long plantar ligament and lies deep to flexor digitorum brevis. Palastanga, N., & Soames, R. (2012). 4. The actions of flexor digitorum longus are crucial for the gait cycle. Flexor digitorum longus muscle: want to learn more about it? The origin of medial head extends into the tarsal tunnel in majority. Citation, DOI & article data. Accessory musculature should be included in the list of differential diagnoses for foot and ankle pain until proven otherwise. Epub 2021 Sep 24. -, J Foot Ankle Surg. Here we discuss it's origin, insertion, innervation and function. Copyright This action starts in the distal interphalangeal joints and is followed by flexion in proximal interphalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints respectively. Thank you for your participation! Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Posterior surface of tibia (inferior to soleal line), Metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints 2-5: toe flexion. All rights reserved. As the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis enter the hand, they course superficial to the corresponding flexor digitorum profundus tendon. The flexor digiti minimi brevis inserts on the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth finger. Four tendons are formed within the distal forearm, which pass through the carpal . Transfer of extensor carpi radialis longus or brevis for opponensplasty. The movements of the thumb are carried out by three muscles taking origin from the posterior compartment of the forearm viz., two extensors (a longus and a brevis) and an abductor. Diagnosis is made clinically by observing the resting posture of the hand to assess the digital cascade and the absence of the tenodesis effect. Background: The flexor digitorum brevis tendon to the fifth digit is frequently absent, and this absence is typically an incidental discovery during dissection or surgical studies. It is an accessory terminal branch of the superficial peroneal (musculocutaneous) nerve which winds round the lateral malleolus beneath the tendons of the peronei muscles and reaches the dorsum of the foot; there it often supplies the lateral portion of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. The limbs of tetrapods evolved from the lobefins of sarcopterygian fishes around 370 Ma through a series of anatomical innovations (Fig. The review by Bergman et al. 1. Holzmann M, Almudallal N, Rohlck K, Singh R, Lee S, Fredieu J. Contents 1 Origin and insertion Standring, S. (2016). 2018 Mar;216:9-22. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.10.006. The flexor digitorum longus (Latin: musculus flexor digitorum longus) is a relatively thin fusiform-shaped muscle of the lower leg.It belongs to the deep group of the posterior leg compartment. Do you find it difficult to memorize the anatomy of over 600 muscles? The relationships between the quadratus plantae and the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. It also supports the longitudinal arch of foot while propelling the body forward during gait. It arises by two heads and gets inserted into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle. The long accessory flexor muscle: an anatomical study. Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. Reading time: 6 minutes. Epub 2016 Jun 2. In addition to branches of the ulnar artery, the anterior and lateral surfaces of the muscle are supplied by branches of the radial artery; and its posterior surface also receives branches from the median artery. At the level of the corresponding proximal phalanx, each tendon of flexor digitorum brevis divides into two terminal slits that insert onto the base of middle phalanx of the corresponding digit. 2019 Jul 31;10(1):69. doi: 10.1186/s13244-019-0747-1. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Additional muscular slip of the flexor digitorum longus muscle to the fifth toe. The venter of the flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscle (FDALM) originates in the leg, extending through the flexor retinaculum, and is applied to the flexor digitorum longus muscle's and/or quadratus plantae distal tendons. In this article, we will discuss the anatomy and function of the flexor digitorum longus muscle. Its insertion may occur into the quadratus plantae muscle, tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscleor both. 16 (10): 637-40. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Flexor digitorum accessorius longus is an anatomical variant that has previously been shown to be associated with a variety of pathological conditions localized to the posteromedial aspect of the ankle and hindfoot. An accessory flexor digitorum superficialis indicis muscle is an unusual accessory muscle of the hand and wrist and a normal anatomical variant. This muscle extends from the proximal part of the ulna to the distal phalanges of the 2nd to 5th digit. This anomalous muscle has been implicated as an etiology for tarsal tunnel syndrome. 0.4cm. Hi everybody! Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis and intermuscular septum, Metatarsophalangeal joints 2-5: Toe flexion; supports longitudinal arch of foot, Medial and lateral plantar arteries and plantar arch, plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries. 1,2,9,10-14 The FDAL can originate from many posterior compartment structures, including the flexor retinaculum, the tibia, the fibula, the flexor hallucis longus, and the soleus. Epub 2009 Jun 13. Gray's Anatomy (41tst ed.). Bilateral Accessory Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle in Man. Careers. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 11 Dec 2022) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-63968. Origin: Ulnar head: medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor tendon, medial border of the base of the coronoid process of the ulna, and ulnar collateral ligament. The two heads of flexor digitorum superficialis form a muscular arch, through which the median nerve and ulnar artery pass. . ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Reviewer: Approximately halfway across the sole of the foot, the muscle fibers divide into four slits, each of them giving off its own tendon for one of the lateral four toes. This particular site of insertion enables the quadratus plantae to incorporate its tendinous slips into all four digital tendons of flexor digitorum longus and thus influence the flexion of the toes. This order of actions is different from flexor digitorum longus muscle which also acts as a flexor of phalanges, but starts with flexion in distal interphalangeal joins. Traversing the flexor retinaculum, the muscle enters the plantar compartment of the foot. Ann Anat. Flexor digitorum profundus is a fusiform muscle located deep within the anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm. In cases of tarsal tunnel syndrome that undergo surgical decompression, the flexor digitorum accessorius Iongus muscle may be present and may be the cause of the tibial nerve compression. Epub 2021 Oct 5. Origin and insertion Flexor digitorum brevis muscle (inferior view) Flexor digitorum brevis muscle originates from three sites; the medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis and intermuscular septum. Part II: midfooot and forefoot. Before reaching the proximal interphalangeal joint, each tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis bifurcates to pass around the corresponding tendon of flexor digitorum profundus. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Its primary action is flexion of digits 2-5 in the foot. 2009 Dec;19(4):224-6. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2009.03.002. Origin: Lower. Standring, S. (2016). Single-headed FDAL is more common and originates from either the tibia or fibula. Atlas of Human Anatomy (6th ed.). 3. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! 2022 Jan;44(1):157-168. doi: 10.1007/s00276-021-02847-x. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. A variant of this muscle has often been incriminated in causation of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Surg Radiol Anat. Author: The primary arterial blood supply to the flexor digitorum superficialis is derived from the ulnar artery and its anterior recurrent branch. reported an accessory belly of the FDP . Anatomy and human movement: structure and function (6th ed.). I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Origin, Action & Insertion Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle: Function & Innervation Extensor Digitorum Longus: Action, Origin & Insertion 3:15 Extensor Indicis Muscle . Additional drainage is performed by deep plantar venous arch. 2022 -, Croat Med J. Palastanga, N., & Soames, R. (2012). (1995) Foot & ankle international. 2016 Dec;100(331):245-249. doi: 10.1016/j.morpho.2016.03.002. An easy way to remember this little fact is to keep in mind the following mnemonic. On its course, the muscle receives functional support from the quadratus plantae muscle. into the tarsal tunnel in 80% of the cases. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Rarely, carpal tunnel syndrome can be caused by an aberrant muscle belly arising from the tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis that compresses the median nerve. The main function of this muscle is the flexion of the foot and toes. It has a long linear origin extending from the radial tuberosity to the insertion of pronator teres in the distal forearm. 0001 A). Peterson DA, Stinson W, Lairmore JR. Origin:-. It inserts onto the tendon slips of the long digital flexor (i.e., flexor hallucis longus and digitorum longus), sometimes with a distinct tendon, before its insertion on the distal phalanx of the second, third, and/or fourth toe (Hur et al., 2015, 2011). This relation contributes to the stability and strength of the flexor digitorum longus muscle, especially when flexing the toes. Stimec BV, Dash J, Assal M, Stern R, Fasel JHD. The flexor digitorum profundus is supplied by the anterior interosseous artery, which is a branch of the common interosseous artery and is accompanied by the palmar interosseous branch of the median nerve. 2019 Jun;41(6):689-692. doi: 10.1007/s00276-019-02240-9. Both heads insert onto the tendon of flexor digitorum longus, at the point where it splits into its four terminal tendons. Insertion Lin DC, De Souza RZD, Fefferman A, Baribeau V, Bunch B, Zumwalt AC, Wisco JJ. Read more. About halfway along the forearm, each layer gives off two tendons. 0.3cm. Insertion is on the lesser toes or quadratus plantae. A number of anatomical variations of these muscles have been reported to occur in every sixth cadaver by earlier workers. Due to its attachments and course around the medial malleolus, flexor digitorum longus assists in foot inversion at the subtalar joint. Upon passing the metacarpophalangeal joint, the two tendons enter the digital flexor sheath. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. The accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle is an accessory muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the legwith a reported prevalence of 6-8%. -, J Comput Assist Tomogr. Anatomy of Upper Limb and Thorax; London: Elsevier Health Sciences. . In this article, we will discuss the anatomy and function of the flexor digitorum brevis muscle. Flexor digitorum superficialis is innervated by muscular branches of the median nerve, derived from roots C8 and T1 that arises from the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus. 2. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. Copyright FOIA M. Flexor digitorum superficialis insertion It's plantar tendon (tendo plantaris)) turns from medial to lateral direction around the common calcaneal tendon, on the surface of tuber calcanei it makes a cap (galea calcanea) then finally attaches to middle phalanx of digits II-V, on plantar surface The main action of flexor digitorum brevis is the flexion of second to fifith digits at the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. A similar relation exists distally in the foot with lumbrical muscles which also insert in the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and through this relation those muscles act synergistically to stabilize the foot. Being in the deep posterior leg compartment together with flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior and popliteus muscles, this muscle is separated from the superficial layer by the deep fascia of the leg. This allows it to flex the digits individually at their proximal interphalangeal joints. This study aimed to assess the frequency of a missing flexor digitorum brevis tendon in a Hispanic population for the first time, the association between the absence of the flexor digitorum brevis tendon, variables . Flexor digitorum brevis muscle originates from three sites; the medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis and intermuscular septum. Flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) is a broad muscle found deep in the sole of the foot. Last reviewed: December 05, 2022 In particular, this anomalous muscle has been reported to be the cause of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Anatomical variation in the ankle and foot: from incidental finding to inductor of pathology. Flexor digitorum superficialis (Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis) -Yousun Koh. When the foot is placed on the ground, flexor digitorum longus acts in synergy with the lumbrical and interossei muscles to maintain balance by keeping the toes in firm contact with the ground. The lateral head was relatively constant and its origin was aponeurotic in all the cases. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Ease your learning, review using active recall and cement your knowledge using Kenhub's muscle anatomy and reference charts! Insertion of this muscle was very variable, the commonest being insertion on the deep surface of flexor digitorum longus tendon. Based on its origin sites, flexor digitorum superficialis is divided into two heads; a humeroulnar head and radial head. An official website of the United States government. Summary origin: flexor digitorum superficialis tendon near the transverse carpal ligament insertion: metacarpal head of the index finger near the A1 pulley Gross anatomy An origin is an attachment on the proximal portion of a muscle, while an insertion is a distal attachment site. Origin Medial portion of the posterior surface of the tibia, inferior to the soleal line. 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