Another striking aspect of the footage linked on NYT is how little the content was informative of the ongoing conflict. The Ugarit footage, for instance, was posted on the NYT website on April 20, less than a month after Telawis story was published. Therefore, in the past, people who have different ideas or thoughts would be cut out. News of the BBCs error quickly went viral with the photographer of the original image expressing shock at the corporations failure to check their sources. On the flipside, the detractors of this argument claim this form of journalism has ushered in an era of informational overload which has significantly affected the quality of information that is present on the internet. In return, citizens became a news source to be used by mainstream media. 27 Nov 2013. Citizen journalism is a rapidly evolving form of journalism, which has enabled ordinary people to report newsworthy situations around them. [24] Consequently, the organization changed their name to the Syrian Network for Human Rights and continues to operate out of London, but separately from the SOHR, which is run by Abdul Rahman and based in Coventry, England. Through a careful assessment of The New York Timess (NYT) coverage of the Syrian civil war, this paper will demonstrate how the relationship between citizen journalism and the mainstream media became more obstructive to the understanding of conflict. Citizen journalism has enabled people to raise their voice on what they feel . 11 Dec 2022 09:46:49 To some extent, this event can be regarded as an important milestone in the recent history of citizen journalism in Britain because it was the first time that such material provided by citizens had been deemed more newsworthy than the professionals material (Glaser, 2006). After this event happened, mainstream media were quite active to look for witnesses to share their experiences and information with audience. For instance, many large news organisations such as CNN, CBC and ABC have this function on their websites. 14 May. Your Bibliography: Goh, R., 2007. Another impact of the rise of citizen journalists for mainstream media is breaking the monopoly of language rights. It means that the masses are able to comment on news events published by mainstream media on the websites just as they do on the blogs. The average citizen provided most of what we at home were viewing as we watched the terror unfold. They set the framework of information producing, involve TV, radio and newspapers. Amateur journalism is becoming more and more popular everyday with the advancement of technology. The NYT published several articles pointing to issues with the coverage of the Syrian civil war and specifically pointed to Al Jazeera, which was once the paragon of news reporting in the Arab Uprisings, as a news network that reports virtually anything that puts the government in a bad light. People made similar claims about Al Jazeera over its coverage of the Syrian civil war, demonstrating how a lack of verification can damage a once-reputable news network. 2013. A Very Busy Man Behind the Syrian Civil Wars Casualty Count.NYT. Sienkiewicz, Matt, and James Miller. Given this fact, it important to question the way information is presented to the public by journalists. Web. Of the sampled 85 articles, the NYT referenced 175 sources, which were individuals and not all identifiable by name or organization. This paper discusses the political and social implications of the rise of "citizen journalism" (CJ) in China, a country where mainstream media are still under tight control while social conflicts are intensifying and nationalistic sentiments are exacerbating. It was later confirmed that the video was not taken in Syria, but in fact in Lebanon in 2008. The emergence of Citizen Journalism also known as participatory journalism can be traced back to the 1988 US Presidential election. Generally speaking, citizen journalists refer to members of the public who are not trained or employed as professional journalists for a living to produce and circulate photos, videos, news and views (Stabe, 2006). It seeks to answer is there any kind of discernible effect so far, and if so, if this influence consolidated. Block said journalism and uncovering financial crimes is just a hobby . Further, the fact that such sources are actively reached out to by NYT reporters indicates that the paper is voluntarily following a certain narrative that suits the interests of one side involved in the fighting. Beware the trusted source.Media Watch. Perhaps the most telling indicator of the mainstream medias deteriorating verification process is the NYTs abundant use of activists as sources of information. The authenticity of the information provided by anonymous resources is also a serious cause of concern as the divide between truthful and theatrical cannot be ascertained in these accounts., Journalists are the eyes and the voice of the people because they tell what the problem in society is, they tell what kind of politician we can have and we have. Canadians are losing trust in mainstream media, official government narratives Citing a poll from Abacus Data, Sheila says that 44% of Canadians think much of the information in the news is false, and this is across party lines. Coalition of Factions From the Streets Fuels a New Opposition in Syria.NYT. One specific example is an article published on April 8, 2011. The impact that citizen journalism is currently having on journalism and will have on the future of journalism is indeed huge. When minorities and women and people who have known poverty and misfortune first-hand are authors of news, as well as its readers, the social world represented in the news expands and change. - Sociologist Michael Schudson. ABC : 16 May 2011. Shadid, Anthony. The NYT cites the SOHR, run by Osama Suleiman under the pseudonym Rami Abdul Rahman, more than any other identifiable source in the sampled articles. While the disclaimer does serve to protect the mainstream medias credibility, it sets a dangerous precedent as news stories are no longer reliant on facts, but on mere speculation. Citizens are often first on the scene to report breaking news, and with technology they now have the means to publicly share it instantly as it happens. In return, citizens became a news source to be used by mainstream media. Even sources such as the SOHR and the LCC, which represent the majority of identifiable sources cited by the news organization, gather their information from unknown contacts. The articles were then qualitatively analyzed through careful reading to identify sources cited in each article. Regular internet usage to get news has started to cause a shift away from print media. Sources such as Insan and the National Initiative for Change disappeared and the NYT appeared to narrow down its sources of information to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), the Local Coordination Committees (LCC) and other unknown activists. Once the sudden incident appears, the citizen in the scene only needs a mobile phone that can take photos and connect to the Internet, can report news at any time. But since the RNR system launched on the Internet in 2012, . On April 9 2013, the NYT ran a profile article on Abdul Rahman. Mainstream media have realized that the public is in the leading position of mass media in the information society. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from https://anyassignment.com/social-science/the-impact-of-the-rise-of-citizen-journalists-for-mainstream-media-assignment-53007/, The International Marketing Variables That Affect Coca-Cola Assignment, Media citizen participation and democracy Assignment, The Impact of Media on Communication in 21st Century Assignment, Operation Technology Management Assignment, Staircase to Strategic Management Assignment. As a consequence, it challenges the authority of mainstream media and breaks their monopoly of language rights. The Syrian civil war has become the Achilles heel of the mainstream media. Order your assignment! McMaster created the blog, where he posted a photograph of a London-based woman, and wrote the entries himself. The citizen journalist is not concerned with professionalism and journalistic ethics which gives journalism distinctive mission and modus operandi. New Media & Society, 11(8), pp.1287-1305. 10 May 2012: n. page. Mainstream media, which sometimes are called elite media or agenda-setting media, can be defined as the media that are popular and available to the masses (Chomsky, 1997). Mackey, Robert. The fact that the video was distributed by Reuters and used by more than one news network, despite clear evidence to its origin in Lebanon, points to the mainstream medias abandonment of basic verification tools. The advantages of using digital means for news updates, is that it allows for faster reporting and up to date details, something that print media can not keep up with. Mobile devices allow the public to email, tweet or text in stories, extra . All second-class and third-class media filter news in this framework every day. Kyger, M., Kyger, M. and profile, V., 2012. This will be done by referring to the many theories regarding journalism and mass media and how thy correspond with society using theories such as the normative press theories., This article is an argumentative piece in which the author tries to rationally present both sides of the argument as to whether the mass upsurge in what she has termed as citizens journalism: the average citizen publishing news and views on the internet, in the recent times, is beneficial or detrimental to our society. Pro-Assad Cleric Killed in Blast in Damascus.NYT. Mainstream media should combine own advantages with those of citizen journalists, thus they can hold the development trend of mass media in the future. Journalistic media include print, television, radio, Internet . Phone cameras and internet video must threaten broadcasters who think TV viewers will move away from them (and on to the web), but the collective arena is a hive of creativity. BBC News uses Iraq photo to illustrate Syrian massacre.Telegraph. Consequently, there was a curious transformation in the media where less access has resulted in more coverage. The NYT ran Telawis story the day after it was released on Channel 4 and, based on articles following this story, it did not impact the use of activist footage in their coverage. Peaceful protests for government reform are now replaced with armed rebels battling the government for territory and control. The word, a noun, applies to the occupation (professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles. In the past when a news story broke, the journalist would be the one to find background information and photos of those involved. It is changing the landscape for citizen journalism, and giving way to a shift in reporting. The Arab Uprisings that began in 2010 demonstrate how citizen journalists, in the face of government crackdown, are able to utilize novel forms of communication, ranging from blogs to social media, to ensure their voices are not silenced. Bernard, Anne. Sounds of gunshots can be heard in the recording, however with no indication as to how they were initiated or whether or not they were part of an ongoing battle. For instance, the largest number of sources cited, 32.6% of the total, were activists. As an anti-war person, she often condemned the Iraqi war at home via her blog on ordinary days. There is no doubt that the majority of sudden event news that mainstream media release will come from citizen journalists rather than professional journalists in the future. But the second instance in which smaller NGOs place their video or photos in mainstream journalism is when they create a newsworthy event relating to the affordances of social media itself. Yuliantis article states Professionals in the media show a tendency to overlook the existence of many ordinary citizens out there who embrace the idea of participatory journalism, people who have shifted from being passive media consumers to active citizen reporters, believing they can create a better society if they get involved in conveying the news (Rottenburg and Wincell 267). Journalists frame information, intentions to inform users and further their sphere of influence, along with their reliability as a, The Digital Age has bought about a change to the way we access and consume news. The inability to differentiate between the different kinds of activists and their role in the conflict, therefore, only serves to confuse rather than inform. The result is a greater distance between the news outlet and the primary source of information, making it virtually impossible to determine not only who these sources are, but also how they collected their information and in what capacity they are involved in the conflict. 14 May. It is the tip of the iceberg. Citizen journalism retains positives being the opportunity to offer the circulation of news in countries where mainstream media is limited. The sources were hand-coded and tallied at the end of the analysis to specify the number of times each source or category of sources appeared in the corpus. A student even received interview request from six mainstream media such as BBC, CBC and MTV. Another measure that is adapted by mainstream media is cooperating with blogs. Please bear in mind that this mainstream disclosure remains relatively limited for a variety of reason, primarily as a cover up of government entities ongoing perpetration of these crimes. In other words, they adopt various means to gather news sources, including encouraging citizens to offer the news and buying the news from citizens. 1. Global Media and Communication, 11(3), 237 . For the first, the NYT article states that the video was posted by activists who maintain the Ugarit News Facebook feed without any additional information about the Ugarit channel. Web. Because 80% of sources that were reached over the phone are identified as activists, it becomes necessary to identify with which organizations or groups these activists are affiliated in order to gauge the accuracy of the information they are communicating. The discrepancy between citing government sources and a largely unidentified pool of citizen journalist sources shows that even when attempting to protect credibility and objectivity, NYT articles tend to rely more heavily on sources that even they claim are unverifiable. Ramola's work will one day be recognised as "mainstream". 13 Jun 2011: n. page. Due to the development of science and technology, the world is experiencing an information revolution. Therefore, they have taken measures to adapt to the rise of citizen journalists including adding interactive function, cooperating with blogs and widening resource orientations. On March 27 2012, a French photographer in Syria recorded a Syrian activist embellishing footage. The impact of CJ on mainstream journalism (MJ) and public participation is mostly discussed in respect of Western democratic societies. Stack, Liam, and Katherine Zoepf. Goh, R. Mainstream Media Meets Citizen Journalism: In Search of a New Model 2007. A lack of access, combined with a multitude of unverifiable sources, transformed the traditional media from a source of information to a source of speculation. Web. Thus strengthens the connection between mainstream media and audience. Video of the blast had been shared on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. It should add to what traditional documentary makers and doing and not take away. -. However, in almost all the evaluated articles, information taken from the Syrian government or its news agency is placed in between quotation marks, whereas opposition statements are not, thereby indicating more incredulity towards government sources. Many of them act as citizen journalists, voluntarily look for news sources, purposefully comment on news events or provide accounts that differ from mainstream news accounts. What is clear from the footage linked and cited in NYT articles is that very little is explained about the sources which, as evidenced in the case of Omar Telawi, could have a substantial impact on the authenticity and the objectivity of the information. A further 8.6% of the cited sources were reached over telephone or Skype. The audio recording was uploaded on the Hama2Free channel, which seems to be an anti-government channel. RT @Edwin07011: Do NOT be fooled! Your Bibliography: Kyger, M., Kyger, M. and profile, V., 2012. Such uncertainty indicates a lack of concern on the part of the reporters over what information they gather and publish. After tracking some of the footage, it became apparent that the majority could be affiliated with anti-government groups or sites. Your Bibliography: Wilmarth, S., 2007. The Arab Uprisings that began in 2010 generated an unprecedented rise of citizen journalism in the mainstream media. In order to establish a pattern of news gathering and sourcing, the search term Syria was used to extract all articles regarding the Syrian civil war throughout the following three time periods: The first was the month of April 2011 which saw the uprisings in the country take a violent turn, the second was from March through to May in 2012, marking the escalating violence in the country as well as the failed cease-fire attempt, and the third was the more recent coverage in the months of March and April 2013. This limited access to news media outlets made it much easier for politicians to reach people with one general statement., For decades the world has relied on journalism as a form of gathering news and, Due to the development of science and technology, the world is experiencing an information revolution. N.p.. On April 28 2012, an article covering an attack orchestrated by a suicide bomber against Syrian security services cites a death toll given by the LCC. This essay will explain the details of the impact of the rise of citizen journalists for mainstream media. Web. He was later cited as a source in articles published over the following four days, wherein he is identified as a human rights activist, without any reference to the fact that he was in the United States and not in Syria, nor any indication as to how he collected his information. Web. Virginia Tech massacre on April 16th, 2007, which was a school shooting and led to at least 30 people killed, can be an example (CNN, 2007). This is seen in a number of stories over the past decade. Yet, despite the lack of access, international news coverage on the Syrian conflict is anything but limited. Saad, Hwaida, and David Goodman. It is the public that helped confirm this was a bomb rather than a power surge. The second video recording is equally unclear, showing an army tank, but with no description or indication as to whether the tank was leaving the area following the brokered cease-fire deal, or whether it was entering. About the LCCS. LCC. Their coverage of daily news has resulted in a positive change in society., In todays democratic society journalism is mainly important. New trends in information gathering and verification emerged from the relationship between this nontraditional form of journalism and the news media. 22 Mar 2013: n. page. Journalism Studies, 6(4), pp.543-557. The reliance on nontraditional sources has largely been attributed to the Syrian governments highly propagandistic coverage of the conflict and the international medias restrictions in the country. The idea that "every citizen is a reporter" has sometimes put citizen journalists at odds with mainstream media. As the concept is relatively new, it is not yet completely defined. To sum up, the rise of citizen journalists has a serious impact on mainstream media. The assumption behind the relationship between the mainstream media and citizen journalism is that there is a direct line of communication between both. As evidenced by these sampled NYT articles, the vast majority of sources are unidentifiable. They chase down all sorts of leads that pop up online - some of which have little or no credence. Macfarguhar, Neil. There is no doubt. Some news agencies have embraced this new digital age, such as CNN who has added the iReport to their website, giving some bloggers a place to upload videos and report a story as it, Chris, M. (2013, may 1). Additionally, the SOHRs contacts in Syria are never identified and, according to the profile article, Abdul Rahman is careful to keep the list anonymous, presumably to protect his sources. (2019, Jun 07). Even after the profile article which clearly specifies the base of the organization in Coventry there is at least one incident where the SOHR is described as an antigovernment group based in London. The NYT also erroneously refers to the SOHR as the London Observatory for Human Rights and as the Syrian Human Rights Observatory group. Knowing who the sources on the ground in Syria are would also inform the level of accuracy and objectivity in the information they disseminate. They not only have a great influence on society, but also have very strong economic strength. Neglecting to add any details about Ugarits background and role in the war, therefore, is damaging as readers may be misled to believe what would otherwise be considered biased and propagandistic information. Local television and news stations have started to embrace citizen journalism, as it helps to build a community by encouraging members to participate. 14 May 2013. The coverage of the ongoing civil war in Syria demonstrated how the mainstream medias reliance on citizen journalism came at the expense of accurate and objective reporting. Secondly, this trend breaks mainstream medias monopoly of language rights. In this way, it avoids the omission of the great media event. The Guardian, the BBC and CNN were among many other news organizations that reported on the story, referring to Amina, who shares her experience in the anti-government revolts through the blog, as a heroine[25] and an unlikely icon. Mainstream Media Meets Citizen Journalism: In . They can make choices about what they want to read in a way that has never happened before. Another benefit that social media has with citizen journalism is the ability to engage with the creator, as well as other readers. Social media users are able to document events in real time, and through video sharing and social networking websites are able to reach a huge amount of people in a short amount of time. The plurality of identified sources decreased with the progression of the conflict. Social media can be a helpful tool for journalists as well as having some mixed effects on news distribution. . UK Channel 4 news reported on the incident. The reason why mainstream media are mainstream is that they have big resources and set the framework of information producing (Chomsky, 1997). Eighty-seven percent of these were unidentified and 80% were referred to as activists. McCombs, M., 2005. Evaluating the role of the Internet and mainstream news journalism in the development of the Northern Ireland Peace Process (Paddy Hoey). With the arrival of information age, the traditional information producing strata changes and new media rise gradually. [12] According to the Columbia Journalism Review, this is a common sentiment among some activists who feel that there is nothing wrong with mislabeling a video becausethe exaggeration is nothing compared to the bloodiness of the regime.[13] These cases demonstrate clearly that some footage released by citizen journalists in Syria comes with an agenda, one that is a part of ongoing propaganda war with the state media. The role of audience in information producing is changing. Web. The writer also claims that the veracity of this genre of journalism is not affected by the factors such as profitability, marketing image etc and this allows these accounts to be presented as unvarnished as possible. Web. On the other hand, they link to blogs dealing with their own content. Print. N.p.. In order to change such situation, mainstream media have to take measures to adapt themselves to the rise of citizen journalists. This study therefore evaluates citizen. Web. In contrast, the most outstanding characteristic of citizen journalists is that they are ubiquitous, which means they can appear in the most unlikely places (Glocer, 2006). Given the nature of the conflict, anti-government sources could be involved in more than an observatory capacity. People are changing their minds about where to get their news from, but also who they are choosing as a source. Newspapers across America have become so decimated by staff cutbacks that citizen journalists are stepping in to fill the gap in covering the news. As she is a citizen journalist, she does not like professional journalists who are affected by the social construction, her reports are different from those of mainstream media and more acceptable to the public. The LCC have become a vital source of information to the mainstream media. The reader has gone from the news consumer; to the news producers. This is not a mere conjecture the process has already begun. This paper studies the mainstream medias use of citizen journalism throughout the ongoing Syrian civil war and how this form of news media sourcing has become obstructive to a comprehensive and accurate coverage of conflict. Digital media also gives readers the ability to instantly reach topics that are of interest to them, or may have the most impact on their lives. 15211 is a citizen journalism site that is based in Mt. N.A. 2013. While there are many positive aspects to citizen journalism, one of the biggest drawbacks is that information released by the public is posted and shared faster than it can be verified. Other regularly cited sources include witnesses (5.1%), the Syrian state owned SANA news agency (6.3%), the Local Coordination Committees (6.3%), online video footage (8.6%) and the England-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (12.6%). Moreover, the NYT coverage refers to the SOHR as a London-based group multiple times, an inaccuracy that may be attributed to a misunderstanding over which group is providing the information. It allows for a diverse community to come together, whether it be through sharing stories or images about weather, funny tales, or local heroes, and allows material to now better represent the community as a whole. Mainstream media workers are not happy with citizen journalism generally because it tends to undermine the authority they used to have in gate keeping or deciding what is to be covered. 14 May. Some scholars have raised concern over the challenges posed by citizen journalism to mainstream media. Web. 6 Apr 2012: n. page. Mawad, Dalal. The activists The NYTs coverage of the Syrian conflict over the selected time periods revealed three main trends. However, since many great events usually take place suddenly, it seems difficult for professional journalists to predict and gather information. From the statement, it is evident that the LCC does not include the deaths of Syrian government loyalists in its body count, a fact the NYT does not bring attention to in any of the articles using the LCC as a source. This paper provides an analysis of four case studies of CJ practice in China, which show that the impact of CJ on Chinese mainstream media and society is multifaceted. First of all, it is generally agreed that citizen journalists offer a great deal of information sources for mainstream media. According to the LCCs website, the committees established across Syria took responsibility for meeting, planning and organizing events on the ground within their own community[17] during the beginning stages of the anti-government protests in 2011. 14 May. Since citizen news mainly spreads through the Internet, and the characteristics of the Internet determine that this kind of spread is unrestricted. Nowadays mainstream media do not serve as the only source of news. Similarly, Courtney C. Radsch defines citizen journalism "as an alternative and activist form of newsgathering and reporting that functions outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to shortcoming in the professional journalistic field, that uses similar journalistic practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals . Web. He wrote numerous articles throughout early 2022 documenting a "pattern of deception" by Celsius founder Alex Mashinsky. In recent years, the rise of citizen journalists has an impact on mainstream media. Citizen journalism(s) now assert their presence outside, through and within today's mainstream media.' Thus, citizen journalism is an aspect of civic media that can be defined by the . Bowman and Willis (2003) state that, Participatory journalism is a bottom-up, emergent phenomenon in which there is little or no In other words, citizen journalism is threatening mainstream media's supremacy. Conclusion As demonstrated in the cases of the Gay Girl in Damascus blog, the BBCs use of Iraqi footage and Reuters Lebanese footage, the reliance on citizen journalism increasingly threatens the credibility of the mainstream media. Citizen Journalism Faster on the Draw Than Mainstream Media in Uncovering FTX Scandal News Analysis On Sept. 3, 2022, veteran short-seller Marc Cohodes leveled several bold accusations at crypto exchange FTX and it. The public however, needs to use discretion and think critically about what they are reading. Madison Kyger: Citizen Journalism: Benefits or Consequences?. The rise of citizen journalism has largely been made possible by modern technology. And they want us to think these companies are honest. Protesters In Syria Plan Large March Near Capital.NYT. Reporters know the power of Twitter, Facebook and other forms of social media and, as they continue to rise in popularity in the distribution of media, are enabling the genesis of citizen journalists who function largely as funnels . The problem is a volume of it and the difficulty of sorting out what is true.[4] Due to the lack of access and a heavily propagandistic Syrian state media, international media outlets resorted to covering the conflict from a distance, relying heavily on activist organizations, witnesses and massive amounts of Internet footage and social media. [21] These statements demonstrate that while the LCC does provide an alternative image of the conflict to the Syrian-run state media, it too has its own agenda. N.A. The data for this research was collected from the NYT archive on the Lexis Nexis Academic database. While the use of a disclaimer to indicate unverifiable information may to some extent protect credibility, it could also be argued that its overuse makes reputable news organizations more inclined to publish information without going through the necessary verification process. All second-class and third-class media filter news in this framework every day. The history of citizen journalism . What is even more troubling is that while some activists are identified as human rights activists, anti-government or opposition activists, 42% were simply referred to as just activists. Since the term refers to a broad range of people, it is difficult to determine from only the context of the articles whether these activists are a part of human rights groups, protestors, or as the conflict escalated into a civil war, participants in the fighting. Your Bibliography: Goode, L., 2009. Citizen journalists provide alternate perspectives on current events, challenging the mainstream media. In a word, the rise of citizen journalists is a challenge as well as an opportunity for mainstream media. Thus this makes the slogan that everybody is a journalist come true and challenges mainstream medias leading right of releasing news (Glocer, 2006). The title of the blog relates to the blog because it is the zip code for Mount Washington residents. The Columbia Journalism Review article argues that LCC produced-information represents the agreed upon narrative coming from the opposition[19] and while this may be true, it does not make the use of the LCC as a source less problematic. Based on the NYTs use of the SOHR, it appears that the news outlet itself knew little about the organization or Abdul Rahman. According to Shadids article, which ran in March 2011, many of the members work anonymously in fear of reprisal. 14 May. Marsh, Katherine. In recent years, the rise of citizen journalists has an impact on mainstream, The Impact of the Rise of Citizen Journalists for Mainstream Media. The article states that despite its central role in the savage civil war, the grandly named Syrian Observatory for Human Rights is virtually a one-man band.[22] Indeed, Abdul Rahman single-handedly collects information from four contacts in Syria who, in turn, collect information from a network of over 200 others in the country. Since smartphones were normalised around 2010, mainstream media corporations have seen a surge in public involvement. Fact checking has become problematic, and are one of the struggles that journalism is currently experiencing as a whole. Cases of Inaccurate Coverage There also appears to be an uncertainty over what and where SOHR is. That said, although citizen journalism is not always accurate, that doesnt mean it should not be encouraged. There is evidence that CJ is used by MJ as a news source as well as an alternative channel for distributing politically sensitive information. Abstract This article seeks to address the impact of social media and citizen journalism on mainstream Russian news by asking those engaged directly or indirectly in the field of professional. The study looks at 85 articles from The New York Times covering three different time periods of the conflict to assess the salient trends in information gathering and the shortcomings of this relatively new form of sourcing. Take the example of London bombings on July 7th, 2005. The blog discusses current events that are going . 7. This left a total of 85 articles for analysis. ., Due to the competition of new media, traditional news organizations are risking the quality of their content in order to keep up and be the first to deliver the latest news. Citizen journalists and professional journalists who joined subsequently together, successfully finished the strong report to this accidental event. Citizen journalists can be regarded as a representative of new media. On March 14 2012, an article cites Abdul Rahman as a source, referring to him as the head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, an opposition group based in London. The same article also cites Sami Ibrahim who is identified as an activist from the London-based Observatory group.[23] Based on the way the NYT use these sources, it is unclear whether the two are connected to the same organization. 2013. New media news outlets are gaining more credibility and acceptance form society due to their ability to be on location and get their information reported immediately., Any given society relies on newspapers as one of its major source of information and basically sets the tone for the rest of the media on how it should conduct its coverage (Jennifer, 2003). Finally, the paper reviews other examples in which such sourcing has led to inaccurate coverage. The final linked video is also uploaded on the Hama2Free channel and, according to the article, shows an evening protest that was interrupted by the sound of gunfire.[15] While the footage does indeed show an ongoing protest in front of a mosque, only one gunshot is heard. 2013. 2013. 8 Apr 2011: n. page. However, unlike cases in which the NYT cites government statements, this statement is not placed in between quotation marks to mark its prejudice. However, it also allows people to spread misinformation, as anyone can publish a newsworthy message and have it distributed without (initially) needing to offer proof or citations. After much deliberation, she decided to go to Baghdad where the story was. Since the Internet is anonymous, open to all and it gives access to all voices on all sides, citizens can participate in the creation and spread of information freely without any limitation (Dearnley and Feather, 2001). Through the trends of the NYTs coverage and a further closer assessment of the most frequently used sources, however, it becomes obvious that the NYT trades off government propaganda with unverifiable, and arguably equally biased sources. In a sense, the media outsourced its reporting to citizen journalists and its verification to its audiences, leaving it to them to decide whether or not a story is accurate. Finally, the rise of citizen journalists promotes the innovation of operation mode. Dont waste your time! This limited access made it easier for the media outlets to reach many more people of all ages and social classes to recent events through the public airwaves(Patterson,p.260). Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Through in-depth interviews with journalists from two radio stations and . With the lack of access, the media scrambled to get any kind of information on the conflict only to lead to too much information and very little verification. Mainstream media, which sometimes are called elite media or agenda-setting media, can be defined as the media that are popular and available to the masses (Chomsky, 1997). 26 Apr 2013: n. page. It allows for an exchange of thoughts and ideas in a way that was never previously available. Ziadeh gathered his information from half a dozen friends and relatives over the phone,[6] information that shaped the narrative of the news story. A Look at Agenda-setting: past, present and future. Web. Methodology 28 Apr 2012: n. page. [11] Here, the NYT article only links the video without identifying its source. Syrian Rebels Continue Assassination Campaign, Killing 2 Military Officials.NYT. Both sides embrace and view with optimism this relationship between citizen journalists and the mainstream media; for the mainstream media, citizen journalists offer local scoops from the ground that would otherwise be inaccessible and, for citizen journalists, the mainstream media offers a platform to share their stories with the world. Create and edit multiple bibliographies. The reason why mainstream media are mainstream is that they have big resources and set the framework of information producing (Chomsky, 1997). On that day, terrorists attacked three subway trains and a crowded red double-decker bus, at least 37 people were killed and more than 700 wounded in these bombings (China Daily, 2005). Now that the spread of digital video, photo enable mobile phones, combined with blogs and viral distribution of the internet, this technology is making publishers take a second look at the way news is being reported. The tension between the LCCs role as a news source and as an anti-government activist organization is mentioned in a NYT article by Anthony Shadid, in which he reports that the LCC has faced sometimes bitter divisions and that there are debate[s] over to what degree the committees reflect or drive the protests.[18] Another similar, and perhaps even more shocking incident was on May 8 2012 when Reuters distributed footage it lifted off of social networking sites claiming that it purports to show Syrian security beating detained protestors and holding guns to their heads. Other sources cited include the National Initiative for Change, the Damascus Center for Human Rights in Syria, residents and protestors, all of whom authors cited infrequently, some only once throughout the conflict. Traditionally, mainstream media rely on professional journalists to get news or information through their observation, inquiry, analysis or investigation (I, Reporter, 2007). As the concept is relatively new, it is not yet completely defined. 2013. As to what the future holds - as technology evolves, so will citizen journalism. Also to note: how many former FBI/CIA agents work for the mainstream media? As mentioned above, of the 175 sources in the sampled articles, the majority are activists, 91% of which are unidentified. According to a letter released by the same organization, Abdul Rahman retaliated by changing all username and password details of their website. The technique of organization used by journalist to frame their stories is the similar as the one used by everyone daily to create a conversation be it controversial or interesting. It looks that the way forward will be a mixture of professional reporting combined with user submitted content to give a full picture of events and stories as they unfold. These voices have become a vital source of information for the mainstream media. 8. Abdul Rahman was fired from the organization for his alleged connections with the Syrian government. Further, based on the lack of informative content, it appears as if the presence of the footage in itself serves as a good story rather than support facts about the conflict. For a long time, mainstream media occupy social leading right and guide the major public opinions of the society, have very high authority and credibility. A final trend that is apparent in the coverage is the way in which the information from sources is gathered. The disclaimer also protects the NYTs objectivity in some instances. [10] This clip presumably records Hama at nighttime during a gunfight. Considering the nature of the civil war and the armament of the anti-government rebels, it is possible that a number of those activists are involved in the fighting and therefore have an interest in framing the conflict in a way favorable to their cause. Syria Steps Up Drive Against Insurgents, Invading Enclaves in Northern City.NYT. Bernard, Anne, and Hwaida Saad. Before taking the footage, the activist Omar Telawi generated smoke by setting a tire on fire below the camera position to give the illusion of smoke rising from a government airstrike. The contacts cited in the article are fighters and anti-Assad activists reached by telephone who state they would not be surprised if the government was responsible for the mosque explosion.[9] Such a statement is highly biased, extremely speculative and no less propagandistic than government-released statements in the state media. 14 May. In the backdrop of the great, The following essay will concentrate on the reciprocal relationship between the media and society, focusing on journalism in particular. On the other hand, information taken from citizen journalists, such as activists or witnesses, appears to set the storys narrative. 2013. In-text: (Goh, 2007) Your Bibliography: Goh, R., 2007. Keywords: citizen journalism, ICT, mainstream journalism, new media, user-generated content Introduction Citizen journalism is a concept in media that refers to journalistic activities of ordinary people. Since its beginning, the Syrian conflict was covered on a nearly daily basis, yet the abundance of news-stories and the lack of verification had an adverse effect in terms of informing the international public; the multiple sources made it practically impossible to understand what is really happening. In the recent past, the internet has played an important role in liberating the flow of information in countries whose regimes have constantly controlled the news available (McCubbins, 1992). Firstly, it offers a large amount of information sources for mainstream media. 14 May. Sourcing and Information Gathering the rise of citizen Journalism. Citizen journalists can frequently reach a larger audience than regular journalists by disseminating their news via social media platforms and online networks. She presents the two opposing points of view; in which the proponents claim that this form of journalism is by the people for the people as they include both the users as well as the contributors of information due to which there is no apparent gap in perspective in emanation and subsequent interpretation. The way in which the LCC gathers information is also unclear. Though Disparate, Syria Rebels Tenacious Against Crackdown.NYT. A Gay Girl in Damascus becomes a heroine of the Syrian revolt.Guardian. The paper aimed to examine citizen journalism and its impacts on professional journalism in progressives society: A study of 2019 governorship election in Cross River State. Social news, citizen journalism and democracy. Ramola has extensively covered the actual "iceberg" in her . Digital technology, journalism and politics in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict (Thusiyan Nandakumar).- Part 3 The rise of citizen journalism and alternative media.- 9. An interview with an Author. The above TED Talks video shows an interesting perspective into cases where this exact scenario occurred. In their endeavor to provide the public with information, journalists reproduce world views that are culturally embedded in a bid to distinguish the significant and the valid (Mikal, 2010). This will be achieved by discussing theories regarding mass media and journalism as separate entities. Citizen journalism offers an opportunity for a better balance of reporting, as it allows ordinary people to fill in the gaps and form a fuller picture. After the gunshot, the person taking the footage is heard commenting on the single gunshot; the protest, however, goes on uninterrupted. The following description was added: This image which cannot be independently verified is believed to show the bodies of children in the Houla massacre.[27] It became apparent later that day that the image was actually taken in 2003 in Baghdad, Iraq. A Look at Agenda-setting: past, present and future. [14] The article linked one audio recording and three video recordings. The changed relationship between traditional and nontraditional media, once viewed with optimism, came at the cost of the once highly valued pillar of verification. On April 6 2012, a few days before the attempted cease-fire, an article titled Syrian Activists Report Intense Gunfire in Hama appears to be solely based on information and footage gathered from social media sites. An examination of media effects according to type of military . Two days later, an anonymous email sent to ABC expressed suspicion over the origin of the video, explaining that the supposed Syrian security officers were not wearing Syrian army uniforms, that the accent of the men in the video was Lebanese, and, finally, that a car visible in the background had a Lebanese license plate number. Using such nontraditional sources would arguably provide a more objective and accurate version of the conflict. Instead, by relying on citizen journalist reporting and adding a disclaimer to gathered information, news-stories are more speculative and less informative. These are the sources and citations used to research The effects of citizen journalism on mainstream media. Social news, citizen journalism and democracy. The blog, allegedly written by a half-American homosexual girl living in Syria by the name Amina Arraf, quickly went viral in the media. Further, like Rami Nakhle, some of the organizations members gather information from outside Syria. Two video clips linked in separate articles are taken from Ugarit. Goode, L., 2009. This can disrupt conventional narratives and empower individuals to tell their own stories. Radsch, Courtney C. The Revolutions will be Blogged: Cyberactivism and the 4th Estate in Egypt. Doctoral Dissertation, American University, 2013. 2013. The Syrian civil war and the NYT Citizen journalism can be most recognized in the form of blogs or wiki sites. More citizen journalism, she says, causes people to turn away from the mainstream media. The case of the Gay Girl in Damascus blog demonstrates the mainstream medias prioritization of good stories and good scoops over fact-checking. Citizen journalism has had a significant impact on the news industry. 27 May 2012: n. page. Web. With information passing through a second, separate channel before the story reaches the audience, it becomes practically impossible to identify the sources on the ground. 2013. The new Twitter CEO, facing the upheaval as fake accounts with Blue tick continue to flourish on the platform via the $8 Blue subscription service, said that . Around 30% of the activists were referred to as antigovernment, opposition or anti-Assad, indicating that they are in favor of one side of the conflict. This allows for footage shot to show material that wouldnt have been caught any other way. A brief overview of the terms used in this essay will be used first to create a common understanding. Your Bibliography: McCombs, M., 2005. In an effort to revolutionalise mainstream media in Zimbabwe, digital survival strategies have been employed by newspapers where people can now read newspapers . Web. With the advent of the Internet and converging media, journalist must compete with the rise of the amateur reporter. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For . Important Letter from the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights about Rami Abdul Rahman.Web Archive. The confusion between the two is misleading since, even though the two are admittedly anti-Assad, the SOHR reports on government deaths while the SNHR does not. A lot of large media have employees all over the world to provide information sources. The Syrian civil war and the governments restrictions on international media presence resulted in a heavy reliance on citizen journalism. Citizen journalism also offers a unique tool for editors of news - they can now find witnesses, videos and photos of breaking news - not just in Canada, but the entire world. 30 Mar 2012: n. page. 16 Aug 2012: n. page. Mourtada, Hania. The NYT cites Ibrahim again in February of that same year as an activist with the Syrian Network for Human Rights. What is even more interesting is that NYT reporters reached out to the activists cited here. They set the framework of information producing, involve TV, radio and newspapers. Videos posted on their YouTube channel are also highly militaristic, reflecting the organizations partiality to the armed, Islamist groups in the conflict. The percentage of technological literacy in citizens is on the rise and due to massive globalization and free trade agreements we basically live in world where anything broadcast has the chance to gain huge publicity creating an echo of influence on the mass population., The audience of the 21st century has gone through drastic changes compared to those of the 1970s.The audiences of the 1970s had very limited access for news on media outlets which limited to the major channels on television, radio and newspapers. Citizen journalism and digital media is not the death of journalism, but rather a change to a more democratic way of reporting. Saad, Hwaida. Information about victims had already started showing up on the social media sites. 2013. The article covers the assassination of Sheikh Mohammad Said Ramada Al Bouti, a pro-Assad Sunni cleric, and briefly summarizes the damage caused by the explosion. It began as a reaction to mistrust in mainstream media.The aim of citizen participation was to provide accurate, reliable and relevant information in line with the ethos of a democratic society. It means citizens themselves report the issues confronting them. 14 May. It is said that mainstream media received 50 photos within an hour after the first bomb went off and 300 photos in all. Another impact of the rise of citizen journalists for mainstream media is breaking the monopoly of language rights. Many citizens witnessed the event, took photos with their mobile phones and sent them to news organizations. However, in the frenzy to get the scoop and run the story, news outlets such as the NYT did away with the verification process. The current study aims to assess how . Information 3.0: Exploring the New Media World. The Arab Uprisings that began in 2010 generated an unprecedented rise of citizen journalism in the mainstream media. It was later revealed that Amina was in fact an invention of an American man named Tom MacMaster in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Syrian governments restriction on international media presence turned the country into what The New York Times referred to as something of a black box.[3] Washington which is a small part of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. On March 15 2011, an arrest of students for writing anti-government graffiti sparked a series of demonstrations across several towns in Syria, calling for reforms and the release of political prisoners. Social media websites, however, are excited about this and are constantly developing new and better ways to support citizen journalism; from plugins and tools (such as video sharing and uploading), that make it possible for anyone with a camera or phone to report and share news. A quick look at the Ugarit Facebook page and YouTube channel shows that the organization is run by anti-government and militarized activists. Citizen journalists can be regarded as a representative of new media. Rami Nakhle, a spokesperson for the LCC based in Lebanon, likened the organization to a small news agency, stating that they started by reporting the news. [26] According to the BBC, she was even interviewed by news organizations such as the Associated Press through online correspondence. 14 Mar 2012: n. page. These are the sources and citations used to research The effects of citizen journalism on mainstream media. With the popularity of mobile devices, people now have instant access to recording pictures and video, as well as having constant access to the internet. Journalism and self-government will rise or fall together, he said in his speech given in Madrid in February 2005., He uses the statistic of the shrinking correspondents to establish the fact that if this number is continually decreasing, there may be in the future a lack of unbiased media presentation, asking his audience to consider the importance of foreign news coverage.Goodman connects to the vast implications of bias presented via social media to further build his argument. The most frequent examples are the SOHR based in England, which gathers its information through an unidentified network of contacts from within Syria, and the LCC, which consists of activists spanning the globe and collecting information from their own connections in the country. The risk that citizens have taken in journalism has resulted in more interesting, accurate and thorough coverage of daily events. Further, while the phrasing of the disclaimer varies based on the article or the information published, most stated that it is impossible to verify information due to the governments restrictions or ban on international news media presence. Citizen journalism allows anyone to present themselves as a primary source. . These days, user generated content from citizen journalists have taken over world events. [5] Because of the arrival of information age, people suffer from information overload. By fb63 Articles such as the one published on April 26 2013, which reference the actions of anti-government rebels based on information gathered from the SOHR, indicates that the organization has contacts embedded with the rebel fighters. Syria Claims Disruption Of a Rebel Supply Line.NYT. Once viewed with optimism, the mainstream medias relationship with citizen journalism has become increasingly damaging. Available at: [Accessed 20 April 2015]. An instance of this is Jane Stillwater, a 64-year-old Berkeley woman (Hider, 2007). Nield, Barry. Throughout the Syrian civil war, video footage was used to further the cause of the different parties involved in the conflict. One example that demonstrates a potential inaccuracy or bias in the way in which certain activists report on the conflict is the article that ran on March 22, 2013. The neglect of underprivileged and browbeaten by mainstream media, suppression and manipulation of information by government and media industry has posed a severe threat to the right to freedom of speech and expression of the members of global civil society. WITNESS and the politics of citizen videos. As a result, the rise of citizen journalists remedies the regret of professional reporters to be present on the plot while all events are happening and impels mainstream medias report and spread of news to be faster as well as in a more comprehensive way. On March 30 of the same year, and following the assassination of two military officials by Free Syrian Army rebels, the LCC released a statement explaining the assassinations were carried out to protect civilians from the Assad government. It has the advantage that aspects that may have originally gone unnoticed, can now be brought to light. [20] While the NYT article was careful to place the LCCs statement between quotation marks, it does raise concerns about the reliability of the LCC as a source and the accuracy of other death tolls cited by the group. Through journalism (through a new developing phenomenon of citizen journalism in particular) people are considered by many members of society to have their voice. The Columbia Journalism Review has described the LCC as a network that represents the interests of the resistance to the Assad regime and that it aspires to a place of leadership in post-Assad Syria. It is evident that the LCC has a vested interest in the outcome of the conflict and, therefore, cannot be viewed as an objective monitoring organization. This event was the deadliest attack on the city since the blitz during the Second World War. But since the RNR system launched on the Internet in 2012, . Print. The most predominant is the organizations attempt to protect its credibility by using a disclaimer pointing to their inability to independently verify published information especially when referencing events, assertions made by different individuals about the conflict, and the death toll. Web. Nic Newman September 2009. The story is based on information from Radwan Ziadeh, the director of the Damascus Center for Human Rights Studies at George Washington University in Washington, DC. 14 May. 6 May 2011: n. page. The two will then be combined to discuss how mass media affects , and is affected by society. 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